SyncValsverifier → artifact → classifier → verdict
SyncVals · Trajectory

rk4-orbit-integrator

claude-code claude-opus-4-8 ✓ resolved GOOD_SUCCESS ↑ View task
Solved from the instruction alone, tests/ and solution/ were withheld from the agent's workspace and restored only for grading.
Reward = tests/test.sh exit code (0 → resolved); the classification below is post-hoc and cannot change it.
Classification , post-hoc; cannot change the reward
GOOD_SUCCESSLegitimate solve, implements the asked-for behavior; tests verify real functionality.
SubtypeLegitimate Solution
EvidenceTest output shows all 7 hidden tests passed: test_field (RHS matches reference), test_orbit (trajectory accuracy), test_symmetry (time-reversal symmetry), test_equilibria (equilibrium points), test_event (event detection), test_invariants (Jacobi integral conservation), test_inertial (inertial frame consistency). Verifier reward = 1.0. Agent correctly implemented System::rhs() (assembled rotating-frame equations with gravity and fictitious forces), System::jacobi() (conserved integral matching numeric anchors), Integrator::step() (RK4 scheme with 4th-order accuracy), Integrator::propagate() (multi-step integration with proper bookkeeping), and Integrator::propagate_to_event() (event detection with 1e-9 surface refinement).
Root causeThe agent successfully understood and implemented a highly technical astrodynamics specification requiring knowledge of restricted three-body dynamics, numerical integration methods, and C++ implementation. The instruction provided all necessary physical and mathematical details, numeric validation anchors, and tolerance requirements, enabling the agent to solve this complex domain problem correctly.
RecommendationN/A - task is fine
Trajectory
Tool-by-tool agent trajectory
16 tool calls · 3 tool types · 26 steps
# Ticket: Implement the rotating-frame dynamics core of `orbit2d` ## Context `orbit2d` is a small C++17 astrodynamics engine. The surrounding framework is complete and must not be changed: the `State` value type and the `axpy` helper (`include/orbit2d/types.hpp`), the public `System`/`Integrator`/`Trajectory` interfaces, the `.orbit` text parser and report writer (`io`), a demo CLI, and a build/test scaffold. What is missing is the numerical heart. Two translation units ship as stubs: * `src/system.cpp` - the model's assembled equations of motion (`System::rhs`) and its conserved integral of motion (`System::jacobi`) return zeros, so the field exerts no force and reports no invariant; and * `src/solver.cpp` - the time integrator (`Integrator::step`, `Integrator::propagate`) and the event-terminated propagation (`Integrator::propagate_to_event`) leave the particle frozen. Your job is to implement all five functions so the engine reproduces the model defined below. The project is at `/opt/orbit2d` in the build image. You should only need to edit `src/system.cpp` and `src/solver.cpp`; do not change any public header or signature. ## Physical Model The engine simulates the planar motion of a massless test particle under the gravity of two massive bodies ("primaries") that orbit their common barycentre on a fixed circular path. Rather than track the primaries as they revolve, the engine works in the co-rotating (synodic) frame: the reference frame that turns with the primaries, so both primaries sit still in this frame. The price of that convenience is that the frame is non-inertial. The particle feels the two primaries' gravity plus the fictitious effects of a steadily rotating frame. ### Units and Geometry All quantities are nondimensional: * the total mass of the two primaries is `1`; * the distance between the primaries is `1`; * the frame's angular rate about the +z axis is `1`; * time, velocity and the gravitational constant are scaled consistently with those choices. The single model parameter is the mass parameter ``` mu = m_secondary / (m_primary + m_secondary), 0 < mu <= 1/2, ``` the mass fraction carried by the lighter primary. It is a dimensionless fraction in `(0, 1/2]`, not a `G*M` product. With this convention: * the heavier primary has mass `1 - mu` and sits at the fixed point `x = -mu`, `y = 0`; * the lighter primary has mass `mu` and sits at the fixed point `x = 1 - mu`, `y = 0`; * the barycentre is the frame origin `(0, 0)`. `System` already exposes these as support code: `mu()`, `primary1_x()` (the heavier body, at `-mu`), `primary2_x()` (the lighter body, at `1 - mu`), and the two primary-relative distances `r1(s)`, `r2(s)`. Use them. ### State and Frame Conventions A `State` is `s = (x, y, vx, vy)`: the particle's position and velocity expressed in the rotating frame, where `(vx, vy)` is the time derivative of `(x, y)` as measured in that rotating frame, not an inertial velocity. The frame rotates in the positive (counter-clockwise) sense about +z at unit rate. ### Forces In the rotating frame, the particle's acceleration combines the attraction of both point-mass primaries with the two fictitious effects of the rotating frame. The outward effect grows with displacement from the rotation axis. The velocity-dependent deflection is perpendicular to the particle's rotating-frame velocity, with its sense fixed by the positive +z rotation. A particle is at a gravitational singularity only if it lands exactly on either primary. ## What You Must Implement ### `System::rhs(const State& s) -> State` Return the first-order right-hand side `f(s)` of `s' = f(s)`, with `s = (x, y, vx, vy)`. The first two returned components are the kinematic identities `x' = vx`, `y' = vy`; the last two are the particle's rotating-frame acceleration assembled from the physical effects above. Throw `std::runtime_error` if the particle sits exactly on either primary (`r1 == 0` or `r2 == 0`). ### `System::jacobi(const State& s) -> double` Return the model's single isolating integral of motion, the rotating-frame analogue of energy, using the sign and scale expected by the tests. At rest at a point, the integral is determined by a rotating-frame potential term that grows as the particle moves farther from the rotation axis and closer to either primary. If the particle has rotating-frame velocity, the integral decreases by exactly the square of the rotating-frame speed. The numeric anchors below fix the scale, offset and sign with no remaining freedom. Numeric anchors for `mu = 0.1`: | state `(x, y, vx, vy)` | `jacobi` | |------------------------------|----------| | `(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)` | `3.75` | | `(0.4, sqrt(3)/2, 0.0, 0.0)` | `2.91` | Throw `std::runtime_error` on a primary singularity. ### `Integrator::step(const State& s, double dt) -> State` Advance one state by a single positive step size `dt`, returning the next-level state. The one-step map must advance the dynamics through `System::rhs`. Its global error over a fixed interval must shrink as the fourth power of the step size, and it must respect the time-reversal symmetry of this rotating-frame system. The equations are reversible under a reflection across the x-axis together with the appropriate velocity transformation and reversal of time; identifying the correct reflection is part of the problem. Integrating forward, applying that reflection, and integrating forward again for the same duration must return the reflected initial state to the accuracy of the scheme. Require `dt > 0` (throw `std::invalid_argument` otherwise). ### `Integrator::propagate(const State& initial, double dt, std::size_t n_steps) -> Trajectory` Require `dt > 0` (throw `std::invalid_argument` otherwise). Record `states[0] = initial`, then apply `step()` exactly `n_steps` times, appending each result, so `states.size() == n_steps + 1`. Return `Trajectory{ states, steps = n_steps, time = n_steps * dt }`. Zero steps returns just the initial state at `time = 0`. ### `Integrator::propagate_to_event(const State& initial, double dt, double t_max) -> EventHit` Integrate forward from `initial` with base step `dt`, watching the particle's `y` coordinate, and stop at the first x-axis crossing in the negative-y sense strictly after `t = 0`: the first time `y(t)` passes from positive to non-positive while descending through `y = 0`. The returned state must lie on the event surface to better than `1e-9` (`|y| < 1e-9`); a bare base-step endpoint is not accurate enough. Search no longer than `t_max`. Return an `EventHit`: * `found = true`, `state` = the located crossing state, `time` = the time from the start of propagation at which it occurs (`> 0`), if a qualifying crossing is located within `t_max`; * `found = false` otherwise (the other fields are then unconstrained). Require `dt > 0` and `t_max > 0` (throw `std::invalid_argument` otherwise). ## Behaviour Checked by the Test Suite The suite checks the field, the integral of motion, trajectory accuracy and its order, equilibria and their stability character, the time-reversal symmetry above, argument validation, bookkeeping, and the event definition. There are off-axis equilibrium points where the two gravitational pulls and the frame's outward effect cancel exactly; a particle released there at rest must remain at rest. Tolerances are set with margin above the precision a correct scheme can achieve. ## Build and Test ``` cmake -S /opt/orbit2d -B /opt/orbit2d/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release cmake --build /opt/orbit2d/build --parallel cd /opt/orbit2d/build && ctest --output-on-failure ``` The shipped project carries only a trivial smoke test that links the library and checks the provided geometry helpers. The full behavioural suite is supplied by the grader at evaluation time. All tests must pass.
I'll start by exploring the project structure to understand the framework I'm working within.

/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/types.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef ORBIT2D_TYPES_HPP
2	#define ORBIT2D_TYPES_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	
6	namespace orbit2d {
7	
8	/// Planar phase-space state of the massless test particle, expressed in the
9	/// co-rotating (synodic) frame of the two primaries: position (x, y) and
10	/// velocity (vx, vy), both measured *relative to the rotating frame*. All
11	/// quantities are nondimensional (see instruction.md for the unit system).
12	/// This is a plain value type used throughout the engine.
13	struct State {
14	    double x{0.0};
15	    double y{0.0};
16	    double vx{0.0};
17	    double vy{0.0};
18	};
19	
20	/// Element-wise scaled-add: returns a + h * b. Convenience for combining
21	/// weighted sums of states. Fully implemented (support code).
22	inline State axpy(const State& a, double h, const State& b) {
23	    return State{a.x + h * b.x, a.y + h * b.y, a.vx + h * b.vx,
24	                 a.vy + h * b.vy};
25	}
26	
27	} // namespace orbit2d
28	
29	#endif // ORBIT2D_TYPES_HPP
30

List project files

shell
find /opt/orbit2d -type f -not -path '*/build/*' -not -path '*/.git/*' | sort
output
/opt/orbit2d/CMakeLists.txt
/opt/orbit2d/examples/l4_neighbourhood.orbit
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/integrator.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/io.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/system.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/types.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/io.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/main.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/system.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/tests/CMakeLists.txt
/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_smoke.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_util.hpp

[stdout]
/opt/orbit2d/CMakeLists.txt
/opt/orbit2d/examples/l4_neighbourhood.orbit
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/integrator.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/io.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/system.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/types.hpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/io.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/main.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/src/system.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/tests/CMakeLists.txt
/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_smoke.cpp
/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_util.hpp

/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/system.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef ORBIT2D_SYSTEM_HPP
2	#define ORBIT2D_SYSTEM_HPP
3	
4	#include "orbit2d/types.hpp"
5	
6	namespace orbit2d {
7	
8	/// Planar two-primary model in the co-rotating (synodic) frame.
9	///
10	/// Two primaries move on a fixed circular orbit about their common barycenter;
11	/// the engine works in the frame that rotates with them, so both primaries sit
12	/// at FIXED positions on the x-axis and the (massless) test particle moves under
13	/// their combined gravity plus the fictitious forces of the rotating frame. The
14	/// unit system is nondimensional: total primary mass = 1, primary separation =
15	/// 1, and the frame's angular rate = 1 (all units chosen accordingly). See
16	/// instruction.md for the full physical specification and conventions.
17	///
18	/// The single physical parameter is the mass parameter
19	///   mu  =  m_secondary / (m_primary + m_secondary)  in (0, 1/2],
20	/// the mass FRACTION carried by the smaller primary (this is NOT G*M). With this
21	/// convention the heavier primary has mass (1 - mu) and the lighter has mass mu.
22	///
23	/// This class is a data container plus pure-geometry helpers (the primary
24	/// positions and the two primary-relative distances) that ARE provided, and the
25	/// dynamics core (the assembled right-hand side of the equations of motion and
26	/// the model's conserved integral) which is NOT , those are implemented in
27	/// src/system.cpp and ship as stubs for the candidate to complete.
28	class System {
29	public:
30	    /// Construct with mass parameter `mu`. Throws std::invalid_argument unless
31	    /// 0 < mu <= 1/2.
32	    explicit System(double mu);
33	
34	    double mu() const { return mu_; }
35	
36	    /// x-coordinate of the heavier primary (mass 1 - mu). Support code.
37	    double primary1_x() const { return -mu_; }
38	
39	    /// x-coordinate of the lighter primary (mass mu). Support code.
40	    double primary2_x() const { return 1.0 - mu_; }
41	
42	    /// Distance from the test particle to the heavier primary. Support code.
43	    double r1(const State& s) const;
44	
45	    /// Distance from the test particle to the lighter primary. Support code.
46	    double r2(const State& s) const;
47	
48	    /// Distance from the barycentre (frame origin), sqrt(x^2 + y^2). Support
49	    /// code; provided for convenience only.
50	    double radius(const State& s) const;
51	
52	    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
53	    // DYNAMICS CORE -- ships as a stub in src/system.cpp (see the TODO there).
54	    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
55	
56	    /// Right-hand side f(s) of the first-order system s' = f(s) for this model,
57	    /// with s = (x, y, vx, vy). The first two components are the kinematic
58	    /// identities x' = vx, y' = vy; the velocity-derivative components encode
59	    /// the particle's acceleration in the rotating frame (the combined gravity
60	    /// of both primaries together with the rotating-frame fictitious forces).
61	    /// Throws std::runtime_error if the particle sits exactly on either primary
62	    /// (a gravitational singularity). NOT IMPLEMENTED in the shipped stub.
63	    State rhs(const State& s) const;
64	
65	    /// The model's single isolating integral of motion -- the Jacobi integral
66	    /// (the rotating-frame analogue of energy), conserved along every exact
67	    /// trajectory. See instruction.md for the sign/scale convention and numeric
68	    /// anchors. Throws std::runtime_error on a primary singularity. NOT
69	    /// IMPLEMENTED in the shipped stub.
70	    double jacobi(const State& s) const;
71	
72	private:
73	    double mu_{0.0};
74	};
75	
76	} // namespace orbit2d
77	
78	#endif // ORBIT2D_SYSTEM_HPP
79

/opt/orbit2d/include/orbit2d/integrator.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef ORBIT2D_INTEGRATOR_HPP
2	#define ORBIT2D_INTEGRATOR_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <vector>
6	
7	#include "orbit2d/system.hpp"
8	#include "orbit2d/types.hpp"
9	
10	namespace orbit2d {
11	
12	/// Result of a fixed-step propagation.
13	struct Trajectory {
14	    /// Sampled states, one per recorded step. states[0] is the initial state
15	    /// and states.back() is the state at the final time. Length is
16	    /// n_steps + 1.
17	    std::vector<State> states;
18	
19	    /// Number of integration steps actually taken.
20	    std::size_t steps{0};
21	
22	    /// Final simulated time = steps * dt (in nondimensional time units).
23	    double time{0.0};
24	};
25	
26	/// Result of an event-terminated propagation (see Integrator::propagate_to_event).
27	struct EventHit {
28	    /// The state at the located event, refined onto the event surface.
29	    State state{};
30	
31	    /// The time (from the start of the propagation) at which the event occurs.
32	    double time{0.0};
33	
34	    /// Number of whole base steps taken before the bracketing interval that
35	    /// contained the event (diagnostic; not checked for an exact value).
36	    std::size_t steps{0};
37	
38	    /// True iff an event was located before the time budget was exhausted.
39	    bool found{false};
40	};
41	
42	/// Fixed-step time integrator for the dynamical model defined by `System`. The
43	/// integrator is method-agnostic to the caller: it advances `System::rhs` and
44	/// records states; the numerical scheme is part of the contract (see
45	/// instruction.md), not of this interface.
46	class Integrator {
47	public:
48	    explicit Integrator(const System& system) : system_(system) {}
49	
50	    /// Advance a single state by ONE step of size `dt`, returning the state at
51	    /// the next time level. `dt` must be strictly positive (throws
52	    /// std::invalid_argument otherwise).
53	    State step(const State& s, double dt) const;
54	
55	    /// Propagate `initial` for `n_steps` steps of size `dt`, recording every
56	    /// intermediate state. Returns a Trajectory with states.size() ==
57	    /// n_steps + 1, steps == n_steps, time == n_steps * dt. `dt` must be
58	    /// strictly positive (throws std::invalid_argument otherwise). Zero steps
59	    /// returns just the initial state at time 0.
60	    Trajectory propagate(const State& initial, double dt,
61	                         std::size_t n_steps) const;
62	
63	    /// Propagate `initial` with base step `dt` until the FIRST x-axis crossing
64	    /// in the negative-y sense strictly after t = 0 (the value y(t) passing
65	    /// from positive to negative), then refine the crossing onto the event
66	    /// surface y = 0. Search no longer than `t_max`. See instruction.md for the
67	    /// precise event definition, the crossing sense, and the refinement
68	    /// tolerance the located state must satisfy. `dt` must be strictly positive
69	    /// and `t_max` strictly positive (throws std::invalid_argument otherwise).
70	    /// If no qualifying crossing occurs within `t_max`, returns an EventHit with
71	    /// found == false.
72	    EventHit propagate_to_event(const State& initial, double dt,
73	                                double t_max) const;
74	
75	private:
76	    const System& system_;
77	};
78	
79	} // namespace orbit2d
80	
81	#endif // ORBIT2D_INTEGRATOR_HPP
82

/opt/orbit2d/src/system.cpp

contents
1	#include "orbit2d/system.hpp"
2	
3	#include <cmath>
4	#include <stdexcept>
5	
6	namespace orbit2d {
7	
8	System::System(double mu) : mu_(mu) {
9	    if (!(mu_ > 0.0) || !(mu_ <= 0.5)) {
10	        throw std::invalid_argument("System: mu must satisfy 0 < mu <= 1/2");
11	    }
12	}
13	
14	double System::radius(const State& s) const {
15	    return std::sqrt(s.x * s.x + s.y * s.y);
16	}
17	
18	double System::r1(const State& s) const {
19	    const double dx = s.x - primary1_x();
20	    return std::sqrt(dx * dx + s.y * s.y);
21	}
22	
23	double System::r2(const State& s) const {
24	    const double dx = s.x - primary2_x();
25	    return std::sqrt(dx * dx + s.y * s.y);
26	}
27	
28	// ============================================================================
29	// TODO(candidate): Implement the dynamics core described in instruction.md:
30	// the assembled right-hand side rhs() and the conserved integral jacobi().
31	// Both ship as stubs:
32	//   * rhs() returns an all-zero derivative, so the particle never accelerates
33	//     (and, with the stubbed integrator, never moves);
34	//   * jacobi() returns 0, which is not the model's integral of motion.
35	// Replace both bodies with correct implementations derived from the physical
36	// model and conventions in instruction.md. Use the provided geometry helpers
37	// (primary positions, r1(), r2()). Do NOT change the public signatures.
38	//
39	// rhs(): the first two derivative components are the kinematic identities
40	//   x' = vx, y' = vy. The velocity-derivative components are the particle's
41	//   rotating-frame acceleration. Throw std::runtime_error if the particle sits
42	//   exactly on a primary (r1 == 0 or r2 == 0).
43	// jacobi(): return the model's isolating integral in the sign/scale convention
44	//   fixed by instruction.md. Throw std::runtime_error on a primary singularity.
45	// ============================================================================
46	
47	State System::rhs(const State& s) const {
48	    // TODO(candidate): assemble and return the first-order right-hand side.
49	    (void)s;
50	    return State{}; // zero derivative -> wrong (no acceleration)
51	}
52	
53	double System::jacobi(const State& s) const {
54	    // TODO(candidate): compute and return the model's conserved integral.
55	    (void)s;
56	    return 0.0; // wrong: not the Jacobi integral
57	}
58	
59	} // namespace orbit2d
60

/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp

contents
1	#include "orbit2d/integrator.hpp"
2	
3	#include <cstddef>
4	#include <stdexcept>
5	#include <vector>
6	
7	#include "orbit2d/system.hpp"
8	#include "orbit2d/types.hpp"
9	
10	namespace orbit2d {
11	
12	// ============================================================================
13	// TODO(candidate): Implement the fixed-step time integrator and the
14	// event-terminated propagation for the model described in instruction.md.
15	//
16	// The three member functions below ship as stubs: step() returns its input
17	// state UNCHANGED (the particle never moves), propagate() merely records that
18	// frozen state with the wrong final time, and propagate_to_event() reports that
19	// no event was found. Every trajectory is therefore wrong and the test suite
20	// FAILS. Replace the stub bodies with correct implementations.
21	//
22	// Do NOT change the public signatures declared in
23	// include/orbit2d/integrator.hpp. Advance the dynamics through System::rhs
24	// (System holds the model and its parameter); the State helper axpy(a, h, b) ==
25	// a + h*b from include/orbit2d/types.hpp is available for combining stages and
26	// forming weighted sums. You should only need to edit this file together with
27	// the dynamics core in src/system.cpp.
28	//
29	// The required behaviour -- the numerical scheme and its order of accuracy, the
30	// trajectory bookkeeping, the conserved-quantity tolerances, the event
31	// definition and its refinement onto the event surface -- is specified in
32	// instruction.md and locked down by the hidden test suite. A do-nothing
33	// integrator trivially "conserves" the integral of motion but fails because the
34	// particle does not move; the suite pairs every invariant with an evolution
35	// check.
36	//
37	// step():               require dt > 0 (else std::invalid_argument).
38	// propagate():          require dt > 0 (else std::invalid_argument); record the
39	//                       initial state as states[0], advance n_steps times.
40	// propagate_to_event(): require dt > 0 and t_max > 0 (else
41	//                       std::invalid_argument); locate and refine the event as
42	//                       specified in instruction.md.
43	// ============================================================================
44	
45	State Integrator::step(const State& s, double dt) const {
46	    // TODO(candidate): perform one valid step using system_.rhs and return the
47	    // advanced state.
48	    (void)dt;
49	    (void)system_;
50	    return s; // unchanged -> wrong (particle frozen)
51	}
52	
53	Trajectory Integrator::propagate(const State& initial, double dt,
54	                                 std::size_t n_steps) const {
55	    // TODO(candidate): record the initial state, then step n_steps times.
56	    (void)dt;
57	    Trajectory traj;
58	    traj.states.assign(n_steps + 1, initial); // never evolved -> wrong
59	    traj.steps = n_steps;
60	    traj.time = 0.0; // wrong: should be n_steps * dt
61	    return traj;
62	}
63	
64	EventHit Integrator::propagate_to_event(const State& initial, double dt,
65	                                        double t_max) const {
66	    // TODO(candidate): integrate until the first qualifying x-axis crossing and
67	    // refine it onto the event surface.
68	    (void)dt;
69	    (void)t_max;
70	    EventHit hit;
71	    hit.state = initial;
72	    hit.time = 0.0;
73	    hit.steps = 0;
74	    hit.found = false; // wrong: never locates the event
75	    return hit;
76	}
77	
78	} // namespace orbit2d
79
Now let me check the test scaffold and io to confirm conventions.

/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_smoke.cpp

contents
1	// Trivial smoke test: confirms the engine links and that the provided geometry
2	// support code (mass-parameter validation and primary positions / distances)
3	// behaves. It deliberately does NOT exercise the dynamics core or the
4	// integrator, so it passes against the shipped stub. The behavioural test suite
5	// that pins the dynamics is provided separately by the grader.
6	
7	#include <cmath>
8	#include <stdexcept>
9	
10	#include "orbit2d/integrator.hpp"
11	#include "orbit2d/system.hpp"
12	#include "orbit2d/types.hpp"
13	#include "test_util.hpp"
14	
15	using orbit2d::State;
16	using orbit2d::System;
17	
18	ORBIT2D_TEST("system_construction_and_geometry") {
19	    System sys(0.2);
20	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.mu(), 0.2, 1e-15, "mu stored");
21	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.primary1_x(), -0.2, 1e-15, "primary1 at -mu");
22	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.primary2_x(), 0.8, 1e-15, "primary2 at 1-mu");
23	
24	    // Distances to the two primaries from a sample point.
25	    const State s{0.3, 0.4, 0.0, 0.0};
26	    const double want_r1 = std::sqrt((0.3 + 0.2) * (0.3 + 0.2) + 0.16);
27	    const double want_r2 = std::sqrt((0.3 - 0.8) * (0.3 - 0.8) + 0.16);
28	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.r1(s), want_r1, 1e-12, "r1 geometry");
29	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.r2(s), want_r2, 1e-12, "r2 geometry");
30	    orbit2d_test::expect_near(sys.radius(s), 0.5, 1e-12, "radius geometry");
31	}
32	
33	ORBIT2D_TEST("mass_parameter_validation") {
34	    bool too_small = false, too_big = false, ok = true;
35	    try {
36	        System bad(0.0);
37	        (void)bad;
38	    } catch (const std::exception&) {
39	        too_small = true;
40	    }
41	    try {
42	        System bad(0.7);
43	        (void)bad;
44	    } catch (const std::exception&) {
45	        too_big = true;
46	    }
47	    try {
48	        System good(0.5);
49	        (void)good;
50	    } catch (const std::exception&) {
51	        ok = false;
52	    }
53	    orbit2d_test::expect(too_small, "mu = 0 rejected");
54	    orbit2d_test::expect(too_big, "mu > 1/2 rejected");
55	    orbit2d_test::expect(ok, "mu = 1/2 accepted");
56	}
57	
58	ORBIT2D_TEST_MAIN()
59

/opt/orbit2d/tests/test_util.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef ORBIT2D_TEST_UTIL_HPP
2	#define ORBIT2D_TEST_UTIL_HPP
3	
4	// Minimal dependency-free test harness for the orbit2d suite.
5	//
6	// Each test executable defines test functions and registers them with
7	// ORBIT2D_TEST(name) { ... }. main() (provided by ORBIT2D_TEST_MAIN) runs every
8	// registered test and returns non-zero if any assertion fails, which CTest
9	// interprets as a failure.
10	
11	#include <cmath>
12	#include <cstddef>
13	#include <functional>
14	#include <iostream>
15	#include <string>
16	#include <vector>
17	
18	namespace orbit2d_test {
19	
20	struct Case {
21	    std::string name;
22	    std::function<void()> fn;
23	};
24	
25	inline std::vector<Case>& registry() {
26	    static std::vector<Case> cases;
27	    return cases;
28	}
29	
30	struct Registrar {
31	    Registrar(const std::string& name, std::function<void()> fn) {
32	        registry().push_back(Case{name, std::move(fn)});
33	    }
34	};
35	
36	// Thrown by an assertion failure to abort the current test case.
37	struct AssertionError {
38	    std::string message;
39	};
40	
41	inline void expect(bool cond, const std::string& what) {
42	    if (!cond) {
43	        throw AssertionError{what};
44	    }
45	}
46	
47	inline void expect_near(double got, double want, double tol, const std::string& what) {
48	    if (std::fabs(got - want) > tol) {
49	        throw AssertionError{what + " (got " + std::to_string(got) +
50	                             ", want " + std::to_string(want) +
51	                             ", tol " + std::to_string(tol) + ")"};
52	    }
53	}
54	
55	// Relative-error check (with an absolute floor) for quantities whose scale
56	// varies widely across cases.
57	inline void expect_rel(double got, double want, double rel_tol,
58	                       const std::string& what) {
59	    const double denom = std::fabs(want) > 1e-300 ? std::fabs(want) : 1.0;
60	    if (std::fabs(got - want) / denom > rel_tol) {
61	        throw AssertionError{what + " (got " + std::to_string(got) +
62	                             ", want " + std::to_string(want) +
63	                             ", rel_tol " + std::to_string(rel_tol) + ")"};
64	    }
65	}
66	
67	inline int run_all() {
68	    int failures = 0;
69	    for (const auto& c : registry()) {
70	        try {
71	            c.fn();
72	            std::cout << "[ PASS ] " << c.name << "\n";
73	        } catch (const AssertionError& e) {
74	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name << ": " << e.message << "\n";
75	            ++failures;
76	        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
77	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name
78	                      << ": unexpected exception: " << e.what() << "\n";
79	            ++failures;
80	        } catch (...) {
81	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name << ": unknown exception\n";
82	            ++failures;
83	        }
84	    }
85	    std::cout << "----\n"
86	              << (registry().size() - failures) << "/" << registry().size()
87	              << " tests passed\n";
88	    return failures == 0 ? 0 : 1;
89	}
90	
91	} // namespace orbit2d_test
92	
93	#define ORBIT2D_CONCAT_INNER(a, b) a##b
94	#define ORBIT2D_CONCAT(a, b) ORBIT2D_CONCAT_INNER(a, b)
95	
96	#define ORBIT2D_TEST(NAME)                                                     \
97	    static void ORBIT2D_CONCAT(orbit2d_test_fn_, __LINE__)();                  \
98	    static ::orbit2d_test::Registrar ORBIT2D_CONCAT(orbit2d_test_reg_,        \
99	                                                    __LINE__){                 \
100	        NAME, &ORBIT2D_CONCAT(orbit2d_test_fn_, __LINE__)};                    \
101	    static void ORBIT2D_CONCAT(orbit2d_test_fn_, __LINE__)()
102	
103	#define ORBIT2D_TEST_MAIN()                                                    \
104	    int main() { return ::orbit2d_test::run_all(); }
105	
106	#endif // ORBIT2D_TEST_UTIL_HPP
107
I have everything I need. My derivation (CR3BP) is confirmed by both numeric anchors and the L4 equilibrium. Let me implement. `System::rhs` and `System::jacobi`:

/opt/orbit2d/src/system.cpp

− removed
State System::rhs(const State& s) const {
    // TODO(candidate): assemble and return the first-order right-hand side.
    (void)s;
    return State{}; // zero derivative -> wrong (no acceleration)
}

double System::jacobi(const State& s) const {
    // TODO(candidate): compute and return the model's conserved integral.
    (void)s;
    return 0.0; // wrong: not the Jacobi integral
}
+ added
State System::rhs(const State& s) const {
    const double d1 = r1(s);
    const double d2 = r2(s);
    if (d1 == 0.0 || d2 == 0.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("System::rhs: particle on a primary singularity");
    }

    const double m1 = 1.0 - mu_; // heavier primary, at x = -mu
    const double m2 = mu_;       // lighter primary, at x = 1 - mu

    const double r1_3 = d1 * d1 * d1;
    const double r2_3 = d2 * d2 * d2;

    // Gradient of the effective potential Omega = (x^2+y^2)/2 + m1/r1 + m2/r2:
    //   Omega_x = x - m1 (x - x1)/r1^3 - m2 (x - x2)/r2^3
    //   Omega_y = y - m1  y     /r1^3 - m2  y     /r2^3
    const double dx1 = s.x - primary1_x();
    const double dx2 = s.x - primary2_x();

    const double Ox = s.x - m1 * dx1 / r1_3 - m2 * dx2 / r2_3;
    const double Oy = s.y - m1 * s.y / r1_3 - m2 * s.y / r2_3;

    // Rotating-frame equations of motion (unit angular rate about +z):
    //   x'' =  2 vy + Omega_x
    //   y'' = -2 vx + Omega_y
    const double ax = 2.0 * s.vy + Ox;
    const double ay = -2.0 * s.vx + Oy;

    return State{s.vx, s.vy, ax, ay};
}

double System::jacobi(const State& s) const {
    const double d1 = r1(s);
    const double d2 = r2(s);
    if (d1 == 0.0 || d2 == 0.0) {
        throw std::runtime_error("System::jacobi: particle on a primary singularity");
    }

    const double m1 = 1.0 - mu_;
    const double m2 = mu_;

    // C = x^2 + y^2 + 2 m1/r1 + 2 m2/r2 - (vx^2 + vy^2) = 2*Omega - v^2.
    const double v2 = s.vx * s.vx + s.vy * s.vy;
    return s.x * s.x + s.y * s.y + 2.0 * m1 / d1 + 2.0 * m2 / d2 - v2;
}
Now the integrator (RK4 + propagate + event refinement):

/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp

− removed
State Integrator::step(const State& s, double dt) const {
    // TODO(candidate): perform one valid step using system_.rhs and return the
    // advanced state.
    (void)dt;
    (void)system_;
    return s; // unchanged -> wrong (particle frozen)
}

Trajectory Integrator::propagate(const State& initial, double dt,
                                 std::size_t n_steps) const {
    // TODO(candidate): record the initial state, then step n_steps times.
    (void)dt;
    Trajectory traj;
    traj.states.assign(n_steps + 1, initial); // never evolved -> wrong
    traj.steps = n_steps;
    traj.time = 0.0; // wrong: should be n_steps * dt
    return traj;
}

EventHit Integrator::propagate_to_event(const State& initial, double dt,
                                        double t_max) const {
    // TODO(candidate): integrate until the first qualifying x-axis crossing and
    // refine it onto the event surface.
    (void)dt;
    (void)t_max;
    EventHit hit;
    hit.state = initial;
    hit.time = 0.0;
    hit.steps = 0;
    hit.found = false; // wrong: never locates the event
    return hit;
}
+ added
State Integrator::step(const State& s, double dt) const {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Integrator::step: dt must be > 0");
    }

    // Classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta. Global error is O(dt^4); for an
    // autonomous, time-reversible field it respects the system's reflection
    // symmetry to that order.
    const State k1 = system_.rhs(s);
    const State k2 = system_.rhs(axpy(s, 0.5 * dt, k1));
    const State k3 = system_.rhs(axpy(s, 0.5 * dt, k2));
    const State k4 = system_.rhs(axpy(s, dt, k3));

    State next = s;
    next = axpy(next, dt / 6.0, k1);
    next = axpy(next, dt / 3.0, k2);
    next = axpy(next, dt / 3.0, k3);
    next = axpy(next, dt / 6.0, k4);
    return next;
}

Trajectory Integrator::propagate(const State& initial, double dt,
                                 std::size_t n_steps) const {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Integrator::propagate: dt must be > 0");
    }

    Trajectory traj;
    traj.states.reserve(n_steps + 1);
    traj.states.push_back(initial);

    State s = initial;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n_steps; ++i) {
        s = step(s, dt);
        traj.states.push_back(s);
    }

    traj.steps = n_steps;
    traj.time = static_cast<double>(n_steps) * dt;
    return traj;
}

EventHit Integrator::propagate_to_event(const State& initial, double dt,
                                        double t_max) const {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "Integrator::propagate_to_event: dt must be > 0");
    }
    if (!(t_max > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "Integrator::propagate_to_event: t_max must be > 0");
    }

    constexpr double kTol = 1e-9;

    EventHit hit;
    State s = initial;
    double t = 0.0;
    std::size_t whole_steps = 0;

    while (t < t_max) {
        const double h = dt; // base step
        const State s_next = step(s, h);

        // Descending crossing of y = 0: y goes from strictly positive to
        // non-positive across this step.
        if (s.y > 0.0 && s_next.y <= 0.0) {
            // Refine the crossing time tau in (0, h] by bisection on a single
            // step taken from the bracket's start state s.
            double lo = 0.0;          // y(lo) = s.y > 0
            double hi = h;            // y(hi) = s_next.y <= 0
            State located = s_next;
            for (int it = 0; it < 200; ++it) {
                const double mid = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
                const State sm = step(s, mid);
                located = sm;
                if (std::fabs(sm.y) < kTol) {
                    break;
                }
                if (sm.y > 0.0) {
                    lo = mid;
                } else {
                    hi = mid;
                }
                if (hi - lo < 1e-16) {
                    break;
                }
            }

            // Recover tau accurately from the converged bracket midpoint.
            const double tau = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
            const double event_time = t + tau;
            if (event_time <= t_max) {
                hit.state = located;
                hit.time = event_time;
                hit.steps = whole_steps;
                hit.found = true;
                return hit;
            }
            // Crossing lies beyond the time budget.
            hit.found = false;
            return hit;
        }

        s = s_next;
        t += h;
        ++whole_steps;
    }

    hit.found = false;
    return hit;
}
Let me fix a small inconsistency , the reported time should correspond to the located state's tau:

/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp

− removed
            double lo = 0.0;          // y(lo) = s.y > 0
            double hi = h;            // y(hi) = s_next.y <= 0
            State located = s_next;
            for (int it = 0; it < 200; ++it) {
                const double mid = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
                const State sm = step(s, mid);
                located = sm;
                if (std::fabs(sm.y) < kTol) {
                    break;
                }
                if (sm.y > 0.0) {
                    lo = mid;
                } else {
                    hi = mid;
                }
                if (hi - lo < 1e-16) {
                    break;
                }
            }

            // Recover tau accurately from the converged bracket midpoint.
            const double tau = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
            const double event_time = t + tau;
+ added
            double lo = 0.0;          // y(lo) = s.y > 0
            double hi = h;            // y(hi) = s_next.y <= 0
            State located = s_next;
            double tau = h;
            for (int it = 0; it < 200; ++it) {
                const double mid = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
                const State sm = step(s, mid);
                located = sm;
                tau = mid;
                if (std::fabs(sm.y) < kTol) {
                    break;
                }
                if (sm.y > 0.0) {
                    lo = mid;
                } else {
                    hi = mid;
                }
                if (hi - lo < 1e-16) {
                    break;
                }
            }

            const double event_time = t + tau;
Now build and test:

Configure, build, run tests

shell
cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release >/dev/null 2>&1 && cmake --build build --parallel 2>&1 | tail -5 && cd build && ctest --output-on-failure 2>&1 | tail -20
output
|                          labs
gmake[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/build.make:90: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/solver.cpp.o] Error 1
gmake[2]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:102: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:101: all] Error 2
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Debug/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Debug/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/MinSizeRel/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/MinSizeRel/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/RelWithDebInfo/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/RelWithDebInfo/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Deployment/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Deployment/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Development/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Development/test_smoke
Unable to find executable: /opt/orbit2d/build/tests/test_smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................***Not Run   0.00 sec

0% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec

The following tests FAILED:
	  1 - smoke (Not Run)
Errors while running CTest

[stdout]
      |                          labs
gmake[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/build.make:90: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/solver.cpp.o] Error 1
gmake[2]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:102: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:101: all] Error 2
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Debug/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Debug/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/MinSizeRel/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/MinSizeRel/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/RelWithDebInfo/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/RelWithDebInfo/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Deployment/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Deployment/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Development/test_smoke
opt/orbit2d/build/tests/Development/test_smoke
Unable to find executable: /opt/orbit2d/build/tests/test_smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................***Not Run   0.00 sec

0% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec

The following tests FAILED:
	  1 - smoke (Not Run)
Errors while running CTest

Show compile error

shell
cd /opt/orbit2d && cmake --build build 2>&1 | grep -A3 -i error | head -30
output
/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp:123:26: error: 'fabs' is not a member of 'std'; did you mean 'labs'?
  123 |                 if (std::fabs(sm.y) < kTol) {
      |                          ^~~~
      |                          labs
gmake[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/build.make:90: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/solver.cpp.o] Error 1
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:102: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:101: all] Error 2

[stdout]
/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp:123:26: error: 'fabs' is not a member of 'std'; did you mean 'labs'?
  123 |                 if (std::fabs(sm.y) < kTol) {
      |                          ^~~~
      |                          labs
gmake[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/build.make:90: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/solver.cpp.o] Error 1
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:102: CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:101: all] Error 2
I need to include `<cmath>` in solver.cpp:

/opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp

− removed
#include "orbit2d/integrator.hpp"

#include <cstddef>
+ added
#include "orbit2d/integrator.hpp"

#include <cmath>
#include <cstddef>

Rebuild and test

shell
cmake --build build --parallel 2>&1 | tail -3 && cd build && ctest --output-on-failure 2>&1 | tail -8
output
[ 87%] Built target orbit2d_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/orbit2d/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec

[stdout]
[ 87%] Built target orbit2d_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/orbit2d/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec
Builds and the smoke test passes. Let me write a quick standalone verification of the behavioural properties the grader checks, to confirm correctness before submission.

Standalone behavioural verification

shell
cat > /tmp/verify.cpp <<'EOF'
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>
#include "orbit2d/system.hpp"
#include "orbit2d/integrator.hpp"
using namespace orbit2d;

int main(){
  System sys(0.1);
  // anchors
  printf("jacobi(0.5,0,0,0)=%.6f (want 3.75)\n", sys.jacobi({0.5,0,0,0}));
  printf("jacobi(0.4,sqrt3/2,0,0)=%.6f (want 2.91)\n", sys.jacobi({0.4,std::sqrt(3.0)/2,0,0}));
  // L4 equilibrium: at rest, rhs accel ~ 0
  State l4{0.5-0.1, std::sqrt(3.0)/2, 0,0};
  State f = sys.rhs(l4);
  printf("L4 accel = (%.2e, %.2e)\n", f.vx, f.vy);
  Integrator it(sys);
  State adv = it.step(l4, 0.01);
  printf("L4 drift after 1000 steps: ");
  State s=l4; for(int i=0;i<1000;i++) s=it.step(s,0.01);
  printf("dx=%.2e dy=%.2e\n", s.x-l4.x, s.y-l4.y);

  // energy conservation on a generic orbit
  State s0{0.5,0.0,0.0,0.5};
  double j0=sys.jacobi(s0);
  s=s0; for(int i=0;i<2000;i++) s=it.step(s,0.005);
  printf("jacobi drift over T=10: %.3e\n", sys.jacobi(s)-j0);

  // RK4 order: error vs dt should scale ~dt^4
  auto solveTo=[&](double dt,int n){State a=s0;for(int i=0;i<n;i++)a=it.step(a,dt);return a;};
  State ref=solveTo(0.0005,20000); // fine ref, T=10
  double T=10;
  double e1,e2; 
  {State a=solveTo(0.01,1000);e1=std::fabs(a.x-ref.x)+std::fabs(a.y-ref.y);}
  {State a=solveTo(0.005,2000);e2=std::fabs(a.x-ref.x)+std::fabs(a.y-ref.y);}
  printf("err(0.01)=%.3e err(0.005)=%.3e ratio=%.2f (want ~16)\n", e1,e2,e1/e2);

  // time reversal: M=(x,-y,-vx,vy); forward, reflect, forward = reflected initial
  auto M=[](State a){return State{a.x,-a.y,-a.vx,a.vy};};
  State A=s0; for(int i=0;i<400;i++)A=it.step(A,0.01);
  State B=M(A); for(int i=0;i<400;i++)B=it.step(B,0.01);
  State want=M(s0);
  printf("reversal err: %.3e\n", std::fabs(B.x-want.x)+std::fabs(B.y-want.y)+std::fabs(B.vx-want.vx)+std::fabs(B.vy-want.vy));

  // event: start with y>0 descending
  State e0{0.5, 0.3, 0.0, -0.4};
  EventHit h=it.propagate_to_event(e0,0.01,50.0);
  printf("event found=%d |y|=%.2e t=%.4f\n", h.found, std::fabs(h.state.y), h.time);
  return 0;
}
EOF
g++ -std=c++17 -O2 -I/opt/orbit2d/include /tmp/verify.cpp /opt/orbit2d/src/system.cpp /opt/orbit2d/src/solver.cpp -o /tmp/verify && /tmp/verify
output
jacobi(0.5,0,0,0)=3.750000 (want 3.75)
jacobi(0.4,sqrt3/2,0,0)=2.910000 (want 2.91)
L4 accel = (-1.39e-16, -2.78e-16)
L4 drift after 1000 steps: dx=0.00e+00 dy=0.00e+00
jacobi drift over T=10: 5.022e-08
err(0.01)=1.822e-05 err(0.005)=7.943e-07 ratio=22.94 (want ~16)
reversal err: 5.267e-06
event found=1 |y|=6.59e-10 t=0.5986

[stdout]
jacobi(0.5,0,0,0)=3.750000 (want 3.75)
jacobi(0.4,sqrt3/2,0,0)=2.910000 (want 2.91)
L4 accel = (-1.39e-16, -2.78e-16)
L4 drift after 1000 steps: dx=0.00e+00 dy=0.00e+00
jacobi drift over T=10: 5.022e-08
err(0.01)=1.822e-05 err(0.005)=7.943e-07 ratio=22.94 (want ~16)
reversal err: 5.267e-06
event found=1 |y|=6.59e-10 t=0.5986
All behavioural properties check out: | Check | Result | |-------|--------| | Jacobi anchors (mu=0.1) | `3.750000`, `2.910000` , exact | | L4 equilibrium at rest | acceleration ~1e-16; zero drift over 1000 steps | | Jacobi conservation over T=10 | drift 5e-8 | | RK4 order (halving dt) | error ratio ~16–23 → 4th order | | Time-reversal symmetry, M=(x,−y,−vx,vy) | err 5e-6 (scheme accuracy) | | Event location | found, \|y\|=6.6e-10 < 1e-9, t=0.5986 > 0 | The implementation is complete. Summary of what I did, editing only `src/system.cpp` and `src/solver.cpp` (no header/signature changes): **`src/system.cpp`** - `rhs`: the planar CR3BP right-hand side in the synodic frame. Kinematic identities `x'=vx, y'=vy`; accelerations combine both primaries' gravity, the centrifugal term (the effective-potential gradient `Ω_x, Ω_y`), and the Coriolis deflection `+2vy`, `−2vx` fixed by the +z rotation. Throws `std::runtime_error` on a primary singularity (`r1==0` or `r2==0`). - `jacobi`: `C = x²+y² + 2(1−mu)/r1 + 2·mu/r2 − (vx²+vy²)` = `2Ω − v²`, matching both numeric anchors exactly; throws on singularity. **`src/solver.cpp`** (added `<cmath>`) - `step`: classical 4th-order Runge–Kutta via `system_.rhs`/`axpy`; requires `dt>0`. - `propagate`: records `states[0]=initial`, applies `step` `n_steps` times, sets `steps` and `time=n_steps*dt`; requires `dt>0`. - `propagate_to_event`: base-steps watching `y`, detects the first descending crossing (`y>0 → y≤0`) strictly after t=0, then bisects on a single sub-step from the bracket start to refine `|y| < 1e-9`; returns the time-from-start; requires `dt>0` and `t_max>0`. The project builds cleanly and the shipped smoke test passes.
Final diff , what the agent changed

No file changes, the agent left the workspace untouched.

Verifier output , the proof behind the reward
tests/test.sh
== Configuring (cmake) ==
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 11.4.0
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /tmp/tmp.jlQe8ZR2xS/orbit2d/build_grade
== Building ==
[  5%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/system.cpp.o
[ 10%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 15%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/orbit2d.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 20%] Linking CXX static library liborbit2d.a
[ 20%] Built target orbit2d
[ 25%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/orbit2d_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 30%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_field.dir/test_field.cpp.o
[ 35%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_orbit.dir/test_orbit.cpp.o
[ 40%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_symmetry.dir/test_symmetry.cpp.o
[ 45%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_equilibria.dir/test_equilibria.cpp.o
[ 50%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_event.dir/test_event.cpp.o
[ 55%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_invariants.dir/test_invariants.cpp.o
[ 60%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_inertial.dir/test_inertial.cpp.o
[ 65%] Linking CXX executable orbit2d_cli
[ 65%] Built target orbit2d_cli
[ 70%] Linking CXX executable test_field
[ 75%] Linking CXX executable test_inertial
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable test_symmetry
[ 80%] Built target test_field
[ 80%] Built target test_symmetry
[ 85%] Linking CXX executable test_orbit
[ 85%] Built target test_inertial
[ 90%] Linking CXX executable test_event
[ 90%] Built target test_orbit
[ 95%] Linking CXX executable test_invariants
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_equilibria
[100%] Built target test_event
[100%] Built target test_invariants
[100%] Built target test_equilibria
== Running hidden test suite (ctest) ==
Test project /tmp/tmp.jlQe8ZR2xS/orbit2d/build_grade
    Start 1: test_field
1/7 Test #1: test_field .......................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 2: test_orbit
2/7 Test #2: test_orbit .......................   Passed    0.01 sec
    Start 3: test_symmetry
3/7 Test #3: test_symmetry ....................   Passed    0.02 sec
    Start 4: test_equilibria
4/7 Test #4: test_equilibria ..................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 5: test_event
5/7 Test #5: test_event .......................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 6: test_invariants
6/7 Test #6: test_invariants ..................   Passed    0.01 sec
    Start 7: test_inertial
7/7 Test #7: test_inertial ....................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 7

Label Time Summary:
hidden    =   0.05 sec*proc (7 tests)

Total Test time (real) =   0.06 sec
PASS: all hidden tests passed

Reproduce this trial: git checkout 2f94510 && PYTHONPATH=src python3 scripts/build_site.py , then open trial/trial_460df64780054530. Re-running the agent live requires EVAL_PLATFORM_ENABLE_OAUTH_SMOKE=1 and is non-deterministic.

Trial trial_460df64780054530 · verifier authoritative; classifier explanatory.