SyncValsverifier → artifact → classifier → verdict
SyncVals · Trajectory

quaternion-rotation-integrator

claude-code claude-opus-4-8 ✗ failed GOOD_FAILURE ↑ View task
Solved from the instruction alone, tests/ and solution/ were withheld from the agent's workspace and restored only for grading.
Reward = tests/test.sh exit code (0 → resolved); the classification below is post-hoc and cannot change it.
Classification , post-hoc; cannot change the reward
GOOD_FAILUREHonest miss, the agent ran correctly but couldn't solve it. Expected for a hard task; the task is sound.
SubtypeImplementation Bugs
EvidenceTest output shows 6 failures across test_matrix and test_edge: from_matrix_round_trip_random (sign pinning: got -0.035791, want 0.035791), from_matrix_inverts_rodrigues, from_matrix_trace_boundary_sweep, from_matrix_trace_near_minus_one_off_axis, from_matrix_rejects_non_rotation, and exceptions_contract. Agent left from_matrix() as a stub returning {1,0,0,0}, never implementing the four-branch matrix-to-quaternion algorithm with orthonormality validation required by the tests.
Root causeThe agent failed to implement the from_matrix() function, which requires advanced quaternion mathematics including numerical stability techniques (branch selection based on matrix trace) and validation of rotation matrix properties. This is a genuinely difficult numerical algorithm that the agent did not attempt to implement.
RecommendationN/A - task is fine. This is a complex numerical programming task where agents are expected to struggle. The instruction is clear about what to implement, the tests check mathematically correct behavior (geodesic distance < 1e-6), and the reference solution uses standard techniques (Shepperd's method with four-branch stability). The task is appropriately difficult for a benchmark.
Trajectory
Tool-by-tool agent trajectory
8 tool calls · 3 tool types · 13 steps
# Ticket: Implement the attitude-dynamics core for the quatkin engine ## Context `quatkin` is a small C++17 rigid-body attitude engine. The surrounding framework is complete; the numerical core in `src/solver.cpp` is a failing stub. The project is at `/opt/quatkin` in the build image. ## Your Task Implement the static functions declared in `include/quatkin/solver.hpp` by editing `/opt/quatkin/src/solver.cpp`, so the project builds and the test suite passes. Only edit `src/solver.cpp`; do not change the public headers or signatures. Refer to the headers under `include/` and the existing stubs for the API you must implement. ## Build and Test ``` cmake -S /opt/quatkin -B /opt/quatkin/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release cmake --build /opt/quatkin/build --parallel cd /opt/quatkin/build && ctest --output-on-failure ```
I'll start by examining the project structure and the files I need to work with.

/opt/quatkin/include/quatkin/solver.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef QUATKIN_SOLVER_HPP
2	#define QUATKIN_SOLVER_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	
6	#include "quatkin/types.hpp"
7	
8	namespace quatkin {
9	
10	
11	
12	
13	
14	
15	class Kinematics {
16	public:
17	    
18	    
19	    static Quat multiply(const Quat& a, const Quat& b);
20	
21	    
22	    
23	    static Quat normalize(const Quat& q);
24	
25	    
26	    
27	    static Vec3 rotate(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v);
28	
29	    
30	    
31	    static Vec3 rotate_inv(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v);
32	
33	    
34	    
35	    
36	    static Quat from_matrix(const double R[9]);
37	
38	    
39	    
40	    
41	    static double geodesic_angle(const Quat& a, const Quat& b);
42	
43	    
44	    
45	    static Quat slerp(const Quat& a, const Quat& b, double t);
46	
47	    
48	    
49	    static Quat derivative(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega);
50	
51	    
52	    
53	    
54	    static Quat rk4_step(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega, double dt);
55	
56	    
57	    
58	    
59	    static Quat integrate(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega, double dt,
60	                          std::size_t steps);
61	
62	    
63	    
64	    
65	    static Vec3 body_angular_accel(const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& omega,
66	                                   const Vec3& torque);
67	
68	    
69	    
70	    
71	    
72	    
73	    static Quat integrate_dynamics(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega0,
74	                                   const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& torque,
75	                                   double dt, std::size_t steps,
76	                                   Vec3* omega_final);
77	};
78	
79	} 
80	
81	#endif 
82

/opt/quatkin/src/solver.cpp

contents
1	#include "quatkin/solver.hpp"
2	
3	#include <cmath>
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <stdexcept>
6	
7	#include "quatkin/types.hpp"
8	
9	namespace quatkin {
10	
11	// TODO(candidate): implement the quaternion algebra, active/inverse rotations,
12	// matrix reconstruction, geodesic distance, SLERP, constant-rate attitude RK4,
13	// body-frame Euler angular acceleration, and coupled attitude/rate dynamics.
14	// Keep the public signatures fixed and use the support types in types.hpp.
15	
16	Quat Kinematics::multiply(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
17	    (void)a;
18	    (void)b;
19	    return Quat{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
20	}
21	
22	Quat Kinematics::normalize(const Quat& q) {
23	    const double n = norm(q);
24	    if (!(n > 0.0)) {
25	        throw std::runtime_error("normalize: zero quaternion has no direction");
26	    }
27	    return q;
28	}
29	
30	Vec3 Kinematics::rotate(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
31	    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
32	        throw std::runtime_error("rotate: zero quaternion has no direction");
33	    }
34	    (void)q;
35	    return v;
36	}
37	
38	Vec3 Kinematics::rotate_inv(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
39	    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
40	        throw std::runtime_error("rotate_inv: zero quaternion has no direction");
41	    }
42	    (void)q;
43	    return v;
44	}
45	
46	Quat Kinematics::from_matrix(const double R[9]) {
47	    if (R == nullptr) {
48	        throw std::runtime_error("from_matrix: null matrix");
49	    }
50	    (void)R;
51	    return Quat{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
52	}
53	
54	double Kinematics::geodesic_angle(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
55	    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
56	        throw std::runtime_error("geodesic_angle: zero quaternion input");
57	    }
58	    (void)a;
59	    (void)b;
60	    return 0.0;
61	}
62	
63	Quat Kinematics::slerp(const Quat& a, const Quat& b, double t) {
64	    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
65	        throw std::runtime_error("slerp: zero quaternion input");
66	    }
67	    (void)b;
68	    (void)t;
69	    return a;
70	}
71	
72	Quat Kinematics::derivative(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega) {
73	    (void)q;
74	    (void)omega;
75	    return Quat{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
76	}
77	
78	Quat Kinematics::rk4_step(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega, double dt) {
79	    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
80	        throw std::invalid_argument("rk4_step: dt must be positive");
81	    }
82	    (void)omega;
83	    return q;
84	}
85	
86	Quat Kinematics::integrate(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega, double dt,
87	                           std::size_t steps) {
88	    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
89	        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: dt must be positive");
90	    }
91	    if (steps == 0) {
92	        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: steps must be positive");
93	    }
94	    (void)omega;
95	    return q0;
96	}
97	
98	Vec3 Kinematics::body_angular_accel(const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& omega,
99	                                    const Vec3& torque) {
100	    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
101	        throw std::invalid_argument(
102	            "body_angular_accel: inertia components must be positive");
103	    }
104	    (void)omega;
105	    (void)torque;
106	    return Vec3{0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
107	}
108	
109	Quat Kinematics::integrate_dynamics(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega0,
110	                                    const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& torque,
111	                                    double dt, std::size_t steps,
112	                                    Vec3* omega_final) {
113	    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
114	        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate_dynamics: dt must be positive");
115	    }
116	    if (steps == 0) {
117	        throw std::invalid_argument(
118	            "integrate_dynamics: steps must be positive");
119	    }
120	    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
121	        throw std::invalid_argument(
122	            "integrate_dynamics: inertia components must be positive");
123	    }
124	    if (!(norm(q0) > 0.0)) {
125	        throw std::runtime_error(
126	            "integrate_dynamics: zero quaternion has no direction");
127	    }
128	    (void)torque;
129	    if (omega_final != nullptr) *omega_final = omega0;
130	    return q0;
131	}
132	
133	} // namespace quatkin
134

List project structure

shell
ls -R /opt/quatkin/include /opt/quatkin/src /opt/quatkin/tests 2>/dev/null | head -80
output
/opt/quatkin/include:
quatkin

/opt/quatkin/include/quatkin:
io.hpp
solver.hpp
types.hpp

/opt/quatkin/src:
io.cpp
main.cpp
solver.cpp

/opt/quatkin/tests:
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp

[stdout]
/opt/quatkin/include:
quatkin

/opt/quatkin/include/quatkin:
io.hpp
solver.hpp
types.hpp

/opt/quatkin/src:
io.cpp
main.cpp
solver.cpp

/opt/quatkin/tests:
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp

/opt/quatkin/include/quatkin/types.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef QUATKIN_TYPES_HPP
2	#define QUATKIN_TYPES_HPP
3	
4	#include <cmath>
5	
6	namespace quatkin {
7	
8	
9	
10	struct Vec3 {
11	    double x{0.0};
12	    double y{0.0};
13	    double z{0.0};
14	};
15	
16	inline Vec3 operator+(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
17	    return Vec3{a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y, a.z + b.z};
18	}
19	inline Vec3 operator-(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
20	    return Vec3{a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z};
21	}
22	inline Vec3 operator*(double s, const Vec3& a) {
23	    return Vec3{s * a.x, s * a.y, s * a.z};
24	}
25	inline Vec3 operator*(const Vec3& a, double s) { return s * a; }
26	
27	inline double dot(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
28	    return a.x * b.x + a.y * b.y + a.z * b.z;
29	}
30	inline Vec3 cross(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
31	    return Vec3{a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y, a.z * b.x - a.x * b.z,
32	                a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x};
33	}
34	inline double norm(const Vec3& a) { return std::sqrt(dot(a, a)); }
35	
36	
37	
38	
39	
40	
41	struct Quat {
42	    double w{1.0};
43	    double x{0.0};
44	    double y{0.0};
45	    double z{0.0};
46	};
47	
48	
49	inline double norm_sq(const Quat& q) {
50	    return q.w * q.w + q.x * q.x + q.y * q.y + q.z * q.z;
51	}
52	
53	
54	inline double norm(const Quat& q) { return std::sqrt(norm_sq(q)); }
55	
56	
57	
58	inline Quat conjugate(const Quat& q) {
59	    return Quat{q.w, -q.x, -q.y, -q.z};
60	}
61	
62	} 
63	
64	#endif 
65

/opt/quatkin/tests/test_smoke.cpp

contents
1	#include <cmath>
2	#include <stdexcept>
3	
4	#include "quatkin/solver.hpp"
5	#include "quatkin/types.hpp"
6	#include "test_util.hpp"
7	
8	using namespace quatkin;
9	
10	namespace {
11	
12	bool finite(const Quat& q) {
13	    return std::isfinite(q.w) && std::isfinite(q.x) && std::isfinite(q.y) &&
14	           std::isfinite(q.z);
15	}
16	
17	bool finite(const Vec3& v) {
18	    return std::isfinite(v.x) && std::isfinite(v.y) && std::isfinite(v.z);
19	}
20	
21	double vec_error(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
22	    return norm(Vec3{a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y, a.z - b.z});
23	}
24	
25	} // namespace
26	
27	QUATKIN_TEST("attitude_smoke") {
28	    const double half = std::sqrt(0.5);
29	    const Quat qz{half, 0.0, 0.0, half};
30	    const Vec3 x{1.0, 0.0, 0.0};
31	    const Vec3 rx = Kinematics::rotate(qz, x);
32	    quatkin_test::expect(finite(rx), "rotate returned finite vector");
33	    quatkin_test::expect(rx.x < 1.0 - 1e-6,
34	                         "nontrivial rotation moves x off itself");
35	
36	    const Vec3 v{0.2, -0.7, 1.1};
37	    const Vec3 round = Kinematics::rotate_inv(qz, Kinematics::rotate(qz, v));
38	    quatkin_test::expect(vec_error(round, v) < 1e-6,
39	                         "inverse rotation round-trips a vector");
40	
41	    const Quat qi{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
42	    const Quat qf = Kinematics::integrate(qi, Vec3{0.3, 0.4, -0.2}, 0.01, 20);
43	    quatkin_test::expect(finite(qf), "integrate returned finite quaternion");
44	    quatkin_test::expect(Kinematics::geodesic_angle(qi, qf) > 1e-6,
45	                         "nonzero rate changes attitude");
46	
47	    Vec3 wf{};
48	    const Quat qd = Kinematics::integrate_dynamics(
49	        qi, Vec3{0.2, 0.1, -0.3}, Vec3{1.0, 1.3, 1.8},
50	        Vec3{0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, 0.01, 10, &wf);
51	    quatkin_test::expect(finite(qd) && finite(wf),
52	                         "integrate_dynamics returned finite state");
53	    quatkin_test::expect(std::fabs(norm(qd) - 1.0) < 1e-6,
54	                         "integrate_dynamics returns unit attitude");
55	
56	    const Quat mid = Kinematics::slerp(qi, qz, 0.5);
57	    quatkin_test::expect(finite(mid), "slerp returned finite quaternion");
58	    quatkin_test::expect(std::fabs(norm(mid) - 1.0) < 1e-6,
59	                         "slerp result is unit norm");
60	
61	    double R[9] = {1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0};
62	    const Quat qm = Kinematics::from_matrix(R);
63	    quatkin_test::expect(finite(qm), "from_matrix returned finite quaternion");
64	}
65	
66	QUATKIN_TEST("obvious_exceptions") {
67	    bool norm_threw = false;
68	    try {
69	        (void)Kinematics::normalize(Quat{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0});
70	    } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
71	        norm_threw = true;
72	    }
73	    quatkin_test::expect(norm_threw, "normalize zero throws runtime_error");
74	
75	    bool integrate_threw = false;
76	    try {
77	        (void)Kinematics::integrate(Quat{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0},
78	                                    Vec3{1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, 0.0, 1);
79	    } catch (const std::invalid_argument&) {
80	        integrate_threw = true;
81	    }
82	    quatkin_test::expect(integrate_threw,
83	                         "integrate with nonpositive dt throws invalid_argument");
84	}
85	
86	QUATKIN_TEST_MAIN()
87

/opt/quatkin/tests/test_util.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef QUATKIN_TEST_UTIL_HPP
2	#define QUATKIN_TEST_UTIL_HPP
3	
4	// Minimal dependency-free test harness for the quatkin suite.
5	//
6	// Each test executable defines test functions and registers them with
7	// QUATKIN_TEST(name) { ... }. main() (provided by QUATKIN_TEST_MAIN) runs every
8	// registered test and returns non-zero if any assertion fails, which CTest
9	// interprets as a failure.
10	
11	#include <cmath>
12	#include <cstddef>
13	#include <functional>
14	#include <iostream>
15	#include <string>
16	#include <vector>
17	
18	namespace quatkin_test {
19	
20	struct Case {
21	    std::string name;
22	    std::function<void()> fn;
23	};
24	
25	inline std::vector<Case>& registry() {
26	    static std::vector<Case> cases;
27	    return cases;
28	}
29	
30	struct Registrar {
31	    Registrar(const std::string& name, std::function<void()> fn) {
32	        registry().push_back(Case{name, std::move(fn)});
33	    }
34	};
35	
36	// Thrown by an assertion failure to abort the current test case.
37	struct AssertionError {
38	    std::string message;
39	};
40	
41	inline void expect(bool cond, const std::string& what) {
42	    if (!cond) {
43	        throw AssertionError{what};
44	    }
45	}
46	
47	inline void expect_near(double got, double want, double tol, const std::string& what) {
48	    if (std::fabs(got - want) > tol) {
49	        throw AssertionError{what + " (got " + std::to_string(got) +
50	                             ", want " + std::to_string(want) +
51	                             ", tol " + std::to_string(tol) + ")"};
52	    }
53	}
54	
55	// Relative-error check (with an absolute floor) for quantities whose scale
56	// varies widely across cases.
57	inline void expect_rel(double got, double want, double rel_tol,
58	                       const std::string& what) {
59	    const double denom = std::fabs(want) > 1e-300 ? std::fabs(want) : 1.0;
60	    if (std::fabs(got - want) / denom > rel_tol) {
61	        throw AssertionError{what + " (got " + std::to_string(got) +
62	                             ", want " + std::to_string(want) +
63	                             ", rel_tol " + std::to_string(rel_tol) + ")"};
64	    }
65	}
66	
67	inline int run_all() {
68	    int failures = 0;
69	    for (const auto& c : registry()) {
70	        try {
71	            c.fn();
72	            std::cout << "[ PASS ] " << c.name << "\n";
73	        } catch (const AssertionError& e) {
74	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name << ": " << e.message << "\n";
75	            ++failures;
76	        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
77	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name
78	                      << ": unexpected exception: " << e.what() << "\n";
79	            ++failures;
80	        } catch (...) {
81	            std::cout << "[ FAIL ] " << c.name << ": unknown exception\n";
82	            ++failures;
83	        }
84	    }
85	    std::cout << "----\n"
86	              << (registry().size() - failures) << "/" << registry().size()
87	              << " tests passed\n";
88	    return failures == 0 ? 0 : 1;
89	}
90	
91	} // namespace quatkin_test
92	
93	#define QUATKIN_CONCAT_INNER(a, b) a##b
94	#define QUATKIN_CONCAT(a, b) QUATKIN_CONCAT_INNER(a, b)
95	
96	#define QUATKIN_TEST(NAME)                                                     \
97	    static void QUATKIN_CONCAT(quatkin_test_fn_, __LINE__)();                  \
98	    static ::quatkin_test::Registrar QUATKIN_CONCAT(quatkin_test_reg_,        \
99	                                                    __LINE__){                 \
100	        NAME, &QUATKIN_CONCAT(quatkin_test_fn_, __LINE__)};                    \
101	    static void QUATKIN_CONCAT(quatkin_test_fn_, __LINE__)()
102	
103	#define QUATKIN_TEST_MAIN()                                                    \
104	    int main() { return ::quatkin_test::run_all(); }
105	
106	#endif // QUATKIN_TEST_UTIL_HPP
107
Now I understand the API. Let me implement the solver with standard quaternion conventions.

/opt/quatkin/src/solver.cpp

− removed
// TODO(candidate): implement the quaternion algebra, active/inverse rotations,
// matrix reconstruction, geodesic distance, SLERP, constant-rate attitude RK4,
// body-frame Euler angular acceleration, and coupled attitude/rate dynamics.
// Keep the public signatures fixed and use the support types in types.hpp.

Quat Kinematics::multiply(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
    (void)a;
    (void)b;
    return Quat{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
}

Quat Kinematics::normalize(const Quat& q) {
    const double n = norm(q);
    if (!(n > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("normalize: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    return q;
}

Vec3 Kinematics::rotate(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("rotate: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    (void)q;
    return v;
}

Vec3 Kinematics::rotate_inv(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("rotate_inv: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    (void)q;
    return v;
}

Quat Kinematics::from_matrix(const double R[9]) {
    if (R == nullptr) {
        throw std::runtime_error("from_matrix: null matrix");
    }
    (void)R;
    return Quat{1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
}

double Kinematics::geodesic_angle(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("geodesic_angle: zero quaternion input");
    }
    (void)a;
    (void)b;
    return 0.0;
}

Quat Kinematics::slerp(const Quat& a, const Quat& b, double t) {
    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("slerp: zero quaternion input");
    }
    (void)b;
    (void)t;
    return a;
}

Quat Kinematics::derivative(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega) {
    (void)q;
    (void)omega;
    return Quat{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
}

Quat Kinematics::rk4_step(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega, double dt) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("rk4_step: dt must be positive");
    }
    (void)omega;
    return q;
}

Quat Kinematics::integrate(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega, double dt,
                           std::size_t steps) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: dt must be positive");
    }
    if (steps == 0) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: steps must be positive");
    }
    (void)omega;
    return q0;
}

Vec3 Kinematics::body_angular_accel(const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& omega,
                                    const Vec3& torque) {
    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "body_angular_accel: inertia components must be positive");
    }
    (void)omega;
    (void)torque;
    return Vec3{0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
}

Quat Kinematics::integrate_dynamics(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega0,
                                    const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& torque,
                                    double dt, std::size_t steps,
                                    Vec3* omega_final) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate_dynamics: dt must be positive");
    }
    if (steps == 0) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "integrate_dynamics: steps must be positive");
    }
    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "integrate_dynamics: inertia components must be positive");
    }
    if (!(norm(q0) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            "integrate_dynamics: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    (void)torque;
    if (omega_final != nullptr) *omega_final = omega0;
    return q0;
}
+ added
// Quaternion convention: q = (w, x, y, z) is the Hamilton product unit
// quaternion mapping body-frame vectors into the world frame via v' = q v q*.
// Attitude kinematics use the body-frame angular velocity: q' = 0.5 q (0, w).

namespace {

// Scale a quaternion's components by a scalar.
inline Quat scale(const Quat& q, double s) {
    return Quat{q.w * s, q.x * s, q.y * s, q.z * s};
}

// Componentwise sum of two quaternions (used for RK4 stage combination).
inline Quat add(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
    return Quat{a.w + b.w, a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y, a.z + b.z};
}

} // namespace

Quat Kinematics::multiply(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
    return Quat{a.w * b.w - a.x * b.x - a.y * b.y - a.z * b.z,
                a.w * b.x + a.x * b.w + a.y * b.z - a.z * b.y,
                a.w * b.y - a.x * b.z + a.y * b.w + a.z * b.x,
                a.w * b.z + a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x + a.z * b.w};
}

Quat Kinematics::normalize(const Quat& q) {
    const double n = norm(q);
    if (!(n > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("normalize: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    return scale(q, 1.0 / n);
}

Vec3 Kinematics::rotate(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("rotate: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    const Quat u = normalize(q);
    const Quat p{0.0, v.x, v.y, v.z};
    const Quat r = multiply(multiply(u, p), conjugate(u));
    return Vec3{r.x, r.y, r.z};
}

Vec3 Kinematics::rotate_inv(const Quat& q, const Vec3& v) {
    if (!(norm(q) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("rotate_inv: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    const Quat u = normalize(q);
    const Quat p{0.0, v.x, v.y, v.z};
    const Quat r = multiply(multiply(conjugate(u), p), u);
    return Vec3{r.x, r.y, r.z};
}

Quat Kinematics::from_matrix(const double R[9]) {
    if (R == nullptr) {
        throw std::runtime_error("from_matrix: null matrix");
    }
    // Row-major 3x3 rotation matrix; Shepperd's method picks the largest
    // pivot to keep the square-root reconstruction well conditioned.
    const double m00 = R[0], m01 = R[1], m02 = R[2];
    const double m10 = R[3], m11 = R[4], m12 = R[5];
    const double m20 = R[6], m21 = R[7], m22 = R[8];
    const double trace = m00 + m11 + m22;

    Quat q;
    if (trace > 0.0) {
        double s = std::sqrt(trace + 1.0) * 2.0;  // s = 4 * w
        q.w = 0.25 * s;
        q.x = (m21 - m12) / s;
        q.y = (m02 - m20) / s;
        q.z = (m10 - m01) / s;
    } else if (m00 > m11 && m00 > m22) {
        double s = std::sqrt(1.0 + m00 - m11 - m22) * 2.0;  // s = 4 * x
        q.w = (m21 - m12) / s;
        q.x = 0.25 * s;
        q.y = (m01 + m10) / s;
        q.z = (m02 + m20) / s;
    } else if (m11 > m22) {
        double s = std::sqrt(1.0 + m11 - m00 - m22) * 2.0;  // s = 4 * y
        q.w = (m02 - m20) / s;
        q.x = (m01 + m10) / s;
        q.y = 0.25 * s;
        q.z = (m12 + m21) / s;
    } else {
        double s = std::sqrt(1.0 + m22 - m00 - m11) * 2.0;  // s = 4 * z
        q.w = (m10 - m01) / s;
        q.x = (m02 + m20) / s;
        q.y = (m12 + m21) / s;
        q.z = 0.25 * s;
    }
    return normalize(q);
}

double Kinematics::geodesic_angle(const Quat& a, const Quat& b) {
    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("geodesic_angle: zero quaternion input");
    }
    const Quat ua = normalize(a);
    const Quat ub = normalize(b);
    double d = ua.w * ub.w + ua.x * ub.x + ua.y * ub.y + ua.z * ub.z;
    d = std::fabs(d);             // q and -q are the same orientation
    if (d > 1.0) d = 1.0;         // guard against round-off past the domain
    return 2.0 * std::acos(d);
}

Quat Kinematics::slerp(const Quat& a, const Quat& b, double t) {
    if (!(norm(a) > 0.0) || !(norm(b) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("slerp: zero quaternion input");
    }
    const Quat ua = normalize(a);
    Quat ub = normalize(b);
    double d = ua.w * ub.w + ua.x * ub.x + ua.y * ub.y + ua.z * ub.z;
    // Take the shorter arc on the double cover.
    if (d < 0.0) {
        ub = scale(ub, -1.0);
        d = -d;
    }
    if (d > 1.0) d = 1.0;
    // Nearly parallel: fall back to normalized linear interpolation.
    if (d > 1.0 - 1e-9) {
        return normalize(add(scale(ua, 1.0 - t), scale(ub, t)));
    }
    const double theta = std::acos(d);
    const double sin_theta = std::sin(theta);
    const double wa = std::sin((1.0 - t) * theta) / sin_theta;
    const double wb = std::sin(t * theta) / sin_theta;
    return normalize(add(scale(ua, wa), scale(ub, wb)));
}

Quat Kinematics::derivative(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega) {
    const Quat w{0.0, omega.x, omega.y, omega.z};
    return scale(multiply(q, w), 0.5);
}

Quat Kinematics::rk4_step(const Quat& q, const Vec3& omega, double dt) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("rk4_step: dt must be positive");
    }
    const Quat k1 = derivative(q, omega);
    const Quat k2 = derivative(add(q, scale(k1, 0.5 * dt)), omega);
    const Quat k3 = derivative(add(q, scale(k2, 0.5 * dt)), omega);
    const Quat k4 = derivative(add(q, scale(k3, dt)), omega);
    const Quat incr = scale(add(add(k1, scale(k2, 2.0)),
                                add(scale(k3, 2.0), k4)),
                            dt / 6.0);
    return normalize(add(q, incr));
}

Quat Kinematics::integrate(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega, double dt,
                           std::size_t steps) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: dt must be positive");
    }
    if (steps == 0) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate: steps must be positive");
    }
    if (!(norm(q0) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("integrate: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }
    Quat q = normalize(q0);
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < steps; ++i) {
        q = rk4_step(q, omega, dt);
    }
    return q;
}

Vec3 Kinematics::body_angular_accel(const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& omega,
                                    const Vec3& torque) {
    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "body_angular_accel: inertia components must be positive");
    }
    // Euler's rigid-body equation with a diagonal inertia tensor:
    // I w' = tau - w x (I w).
    const Vec3 Iw{inertia.x * omega.x, inertia.y * omega.y, inertia.z * omega.z};
    const Vec3 rhs = torque - cross(omega, Iw);
    return Vec3{rhs.x / inertia.x, rhs.y / inertia.y, rhs.z / inertia.z};
}

Quat Kinematics::integrate_dynamics(const Quat& q0, const Vec3& omega0,
                                    const Vec3& inertia, const Vec3& torque,
                                    double dt, std::size_t steps,
                                    Vec3* omega_final) {
    if (!(dt > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("integrate_dynamics: dt must be positive");
    }
    if (steps == 0) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "integrate_dynamics: steps must be positive");
    }
    if (!(inertia.x > 0.0) || !(inertia.y > 0.0) || !(inertia.z > 0.0)) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            "integrate_dynamics: inertia components must be positive");
    }
    if (!(norm(q0) > 0.0)) {
        throw std::runtime_error(
            "integrate_dynamics: zero quaternion has no direction");
    }

    Quat q = normalize(q0);
    Vec3 w = omega0;

    // Coupled RK4 over the attitude/rate state (q, w). The attitude rate
    // depends on w; the body rate evolves by Euler's equation.
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < steps; ++i) {
        const Quat kq1 = derivative(q, w);
        const Vec3 kw1 = body_angular_accel(inertia, w, torque);

        const Quat q2 = add(q, scale(kq1, 0.5 * dt));
        const Vec3 w2 = w + (0.5 * dt) * kw1;
        const Quat kq2 = derivative(q2, w2);
        const Vec3 kw2 = body_angular_accel(inertia, w2, torque);

        const Quat q3 = add(q, scale(kq2, 0.5 * dt));
        const Vec3 w3 = w + (0.5 * dt) * kw2;
        const Quat kq3 = derivative(q3, w3);
        const Vec3 kw3 = body_angular_accel(inertia, w3, torque);

        const Quat q4 = add(q, scale(kq3, dt));
        const Vec3 w4 = w + dt * kw3;
        const Quat kq4 = derivative(q4, w4);
        const Vec3 kw4 = body_angular_accel(inertia, w4, torque);

        const Quat dq = scale(add(add(kq1, scale(kq2, 2.0)),
                                  add(scale(kq3, 2.0), kq4)),
                              dt / 6.0);
        q = normalize(add(q, dq));
        w = w + (dt / 6.0) * (kw1 + 2.0 * kw2 + 2.0 * kw3 + kw4);
    }

    if (omega_final != nullptr) *omega_final = w;
    return q;
}
Now let me build and test.

Build and run tests

shell
cmake -S /opt/quatkin -B /opt/quatkin/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release >/dev/null 2>&1 && cmake --build /opt/quatkin/build --parallel 2>&1 | tail -20 && cd /opt/quatkin/build && ctest --output-on-failure 2>&1 | tail -30
output
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 42%] Linking CXX static library libquatkin.a
[ 42%] Built target quatkin
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 71%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_smoke.dir/test_smoke.cpp.o
[ 85%] Linking CXX executable quatkin_cli
[ 85%] Built target quatkin_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/quatkin/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec

[stdout]
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 28%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 42%] Linking CXX static library libquatkin.a
[ 42%] Built target quatkin
[ 71%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 71%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_smoke.dir/test_smoke.cpp.o
[ 85%] Linking CXX executable quatkin_cli
[ 85%] Built target quatkin_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/quatkin/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec
The build succeeds and the test suite passes. ## Summary I implemented the attitude-dynamics core in `/opt/quatkin/src/solver.cpp`, filling in all the stubbed `Kinematics` functions while keeping the public signatures unchanged. The conventions: `q = (w,x,y,z)` is a Hamilton unit quaternion mapping body→world via `v' = q v q*`, with body-frame angular-velocity kinematics `q' = ½ q (0,ω)`. What each function does: - **`multiply`** , Hamilton quaternion product. - **`normalize`** , scales to unit norm (throws on zero, as before). - **`rotate` / `rotate_inv`** , active rotation `q v q*` and its inverse `q* v q`. - **`from_matrix`** , Shepperd's method (largest-pivot branch) for numerically stable matrix→quaternion reconstruction. - **`geodesic_angle`** , `2·acos(|⟨a,b⟩|)`, accounting for the double cover and clamping round-off. - **`slerp`** , shortest-arc spherical interpolation with a normalized-lerp fallback for near-parallel inputs. - **`derivative`** , `½ q (0,ω)`. - **`rk4_step` / `integrate`** , RK4 of the attitude kinematics at constant rate, renormalizing each step. - **`body_angular_accel`** , Euler's rigid-body equation `I ω' = τ − ω×(Iω)` for a diagonal inertia tensor. - **`integrate_dynamics`** , coupled RK4 over the `(q, ω)` state, returning the final attitude and writing the final body rate through `omega_final`. All assertions pass: `1/1 Test #1: smoke ... Passed`.
Final diff , what the agent changed

No file changes, the agent left the workspace untouched.

Verifier output , the proof behind the reward
tests/test.sh
== Configuring (cmake) ==
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 11.4.0
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /tmp/tmp.0I7Ah7pJRy/quatkin/build_grade
== Building ==
[  9%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[  9%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 14%] Linking CXX static library libquatkin.a
[ 14%] Built target quatkin
[ 19%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/quatkin_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 23%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_algebra.dir/test_algebra.cpp.o
[ 28%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_rotation.dir/test_rotation.cpp.o
[ 33%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_matrix.dir/test_matrix.cpp.o
[ 38%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_euler.dir/test_euler.cpp.o
[ 42%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_dynamics.dir/test_dynamics.cpp.o
[ 47%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_kinematics_hidden.dir/test_kinematics_hidden.cpp.o
[ 52%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_slerp.dir/test_slerp.cpp.o
[ 57%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_edge.dir/test_edge.cpp.o
[ 61%] Linking CXX executable quatkin_cli
[ 61%] Built target quatkin_cli
[ 66%] Linking CXX executable test_rotation
[ 71%] Linking CXX executable test_kinematics_hidden
[ 76%] Linking CXX executable test_euler
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable test_algebra
[ 85%] Linking CXX executable test_edge
[ 85%] Built target test_rotation
[ 90%] Linking CXX executable test_slerp
[ 95%] Linking CXX executable test_matrix
[ 95%] Built target test_euler
[ 95%] Built target test_kinematics_hidden
[ 95%] Built target test_algebra
[ 95%] Built target test_edge
[ 95%] Built target test_slerp
[ 95%] Built target test_matrix
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_dynamics
[100%] Built target test_dynamics
== Running hidden test suite ==
Test project /tmp/tmp.0I7Ah7pJRy/quatkin/build_grade
    Start 1: test_algebra
1/8 Test #1: test_algebra .....................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 2: test_rotation
2/8 Test #2: test_rotation ....................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 3: test_matrix
3/8 Test #3: test_matrix ......................***Failed    0.00 sec
[ FAIL ] from_matrix_round_trip_random: from_matrix sign-pinned round trip w (got -0.035791, want 0.035791, tol 0.000000)
[ FAIL ] from_matrix_inverts_rodrigues: from_matrix inverts Rodrigues matrix
[ PASS ] from_matrix_180_degree_branches
[ FAIL ] from_matrix_trace_boundary_sweep: from_matrix across trace branch boundary
[ FAIL ] from_matrix_trace_near_minus_one_off_axis: near-180 off-axis matrix recovered across branch crossover
[ FAIL ] from_matrix_rejects_non_rotation: reflection matrix rejected
----
1/6 tests passed

    Start 4: test_kinematics_hidden
4/8 Test #4: test_kinematics_hidden ...........   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 5: test_euler
5/8 Test #5: test_euler .......................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 6: test_dynamics
6/8 Test #6: test_dynamics ....................   Passed    0.01 sec
    Start 7: test_slerp
7/8 Test #7: test_slerp .......................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 8: test_edge
8/8 Test #8: test_edge ........................***Failed    0.00 sec
[ PASS ] geodesic_angle_self_zero_and_double_cover
[ PASS ] geodesic_angle_range
[ FAIL ] exceptions_contract: from_matrix non-rotation runtime_error
----
2/3 tests passed


75% tests passed, 2 tests failed out of 8

Label Time Summary:
hidden    =   0.03 sec*proc (8 tests)

Total Test time (real) =   0.03 sec

The following tests FAILED:
	  3 - test_matrix (Failed)
	  8 - test_edge (Failed)


Errors while running CTest
FAIL: one or more hidden tests failed

Reproduce this trial: git checkout 2f94510 && PYTHONPATH=src python3 scripts/build_site.py , then open trial/trial_82a3b14a93a2492d. Re-running the agent live requires EVAL_PLATFORM_ENABLE_OAUTH_SMOKE=1 and is non-deterministic.

Trial trial_82a3b14a93a2492d · verifier authoritative; classifier explanatory.