SyncValsverifier → artifact → classifier → verdict
SyncVals · Trajectory

beam-deflection-solver

claude-code claude-opus-4-8 ✗ failed GOOD_FAILURE ↑ View task
Solved from the instruction alone, tests/ and solution/ were withheld from the agent's workspace and restored only for grading.
Reward = tests/test.sh exit code (0 → resolved); the classification below is post-hoc and cannot change it.
Classification , post-hoc; cannot change the reward
GOOD_FAILUREHonest miss, the agent ran correctly but couldn't solve it. Expected for a hard task; the task is sound.
SubtypeImplementation Bugs
EvidenceTest output shows: test_mms PASSED, test_convergence PASSED, test_invariants FAILED (symmetry at node 0), test_soak FAILED (rel error 0.031437). The agent implemented a functional finite-difference solver that passes accuracy and convergence tests but fails on symmetry invariants and produces 3% relative error on manufactured solutions, indicating boundary condition or discretization scheme bugs, not underspecification.
Root causeThe agent implemented a working finite-difference solver that demonstrates understanding of the problem, but introduced bugs in boundary condition handling or the discretization scheme details (particularly at node 0), causing symmetry test failures and excessive numerical error in the soak test suite.
RecommendationN/A - task is fine. This is a hard numerical programming task where the specification is clear and complete. The agent's failure reflects implementation difficulty (correctly handling variable-stiffness boundary conditions and ensuring symmetry preservation), not underspecification or brittle tests.
Trajectory
Tool-by-tool agent trajectory
18 tool calls · 3 tool types · 32 steps
# Ticket: Implement the finite-difference core for the BeamFD bending solver ## Context `beamfd` is a small C++17 structural-analysis engine that computes the static transverse deflection of an **Euler-Bernoulli beam** that may have a **non-uniform flexural rigidity `EI(x)`**, may rest on an elastic (Winkler) **foundation `k(x)`**, and may carry a spatially varying distributed load `q(x)` together with forces or moments applied at free ends. The surrounding framework is complete and must be reused: - `Beam` , geometry, the per-node fields, and support/load data, with accessors `EI_at(i)`, `k_at(i)`, `q_at(i)`, `end_moment(left)`, `applied_end_shear(left)`, `left()`, `right()`, `dx()`, `num_intervals()`, `num_nodes()`, `node_x(i)`, and `validate()`. - `DenseMatrix` and `solve_general(A, b)` , a dense linear-algebra layer with a general (non-symmetric) LU solver. - `io` , the `.beam` text parser and report writer; a demo CLI. - The deflection-recovery helpers on the solver (`bending_moment_field`, `shear_field`) are already implemented. The numerical core , the **finite-difference discretization** , is unimplemented. Its two member functions are stubs that return a zero/empty system, so the engine reports a beam that does not deflect. The project is at **`/opt/beamfd`** in the build image. ## Your task Implement the two stubbed member functions in **`/opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp`** (declared in `include/beamfd/solver.hpp`): - `BeamSystem BeamSolver::assemble_system() const` - `BeamResult BeamSolver::solve() const` **Do not change the public headers / signatures**, do **not** modify the already-implemented recovery helpers, and reuse the existing support layer. You should only need to edit `src/solver.cpp`. ## Governing physics (small-deflection, static) The transverse deflection `w(x)` on `x in [0, L]` satisfies the conservative (divergence) form of the Euler-Bernoulli bending equation with an elastic foundation: ``` d²/dx² ( EI(x) · d²w/dx² ) + k(x) · w(x) = q(x) ``` - `EI(x) > 0` is the flexural rigidity field `[N·m²]` (generally **not** constant). - `k(x) >= 0` is the Winkler foundation modulus `[N/m²]` (0 where there is no foundation). - `q(x)` is the distributed transverse load `[N/m]`. - `w` is the deflection `[m]`. The bending moment is `M = EI(x) w''` `[N·m]` and the shear is `V = (EI(x) w'')'` `[N]`. Note that when `EI` varies in space the fourth-order operator is **not** simply `EI · w''''`; it is the second derivative of `EI(x) w''(x)`. ## Boundary and support semantics Each end carries two conditions, set by its support type: - **Clamped**: `w = 0` and `w' = 0` (prescribed deflection and slope). - **Pinned**: `w = 0` and `M = EI w'' = 0` (prescribed deflection, zero moment). - **Free**: `M = EI w'' = M_applied` and `V = (EI w'')' = V_applied`, where the applied moment/shear come from `Beam::end_moment(...)` and `Beam::applied_end_shear(...)` (both zero when nothing is applied). Determinacy: a free end must be balanced by enough restraint. With no foundation, a free end requires a clamped opposite end; a free-free or free-pinned beam is a rigid-body **mechanism**. A non-trivial foundation `k(x)` supplies distributed restraint that makes any support combination well posed. `Beam::validate()` encodes these rules and throws for an unsupported (mechanism) configuration. ## Discretization requirement (you choose the scheme) Work on the uniform grid `x_i = i·dx`, `i = 0..N`, `dx = L/N`, with `n = N+1` nodal unknowns `w_i = w(x_i)`. Assemble the linear system `A w = b` for the nodal deflections that discretizes the governing equation and its boundary conditions, and solve it with `solve_general`. Use a scheme that is at least **second-order accurate** in `dx`; the boundary conditions (essential ones at clamped/pinned ends, natural ones at free ends) must be incorporated consistently with the same order. Deriving an appropriate stencil and boundary treatment is the substance of the task. ## Contract / edge cases - `solve()` must call `Beam::validate()` first and let its exceptions propagate. - If the assembled system is singular, let the exception from `solve_general` propagate out of `solve()`. - `assemble_system()` returns `A` of size `num_nodes × num_nodes` and `b` of length `num_nodes`. - `deflection` has length `num_nodes()`, ordered from `x = 0` (i = 0) to `x = L` (i = N). ## `.beam` input format (handled by `io`; for reference) ``` length <L> # span [m] cells <n> # number of equal intervals (>= 2) support <left> <right> # each of: clamped | pinned | free ei <EI> # constant flexural rigidity, OR: ei_profile <x0> <v0> <x1> <v1> ... # piecewise-linear EI(x) foundation <k> # constant Winkler modulus [N/m^2] (optional) foundation_profile <x0> <v0> ... # piecewise-linear k(x) (optional) udl <q> # uniform load [N/m] (optional) load <x0> <x1> <q0> <q1> # piecewise-linear load segment (repeatable) endload <left|right> <P> # transverse force at a free end [N] (optional) endmoment <left|right> <M> # moment at a free end [N*m] (optional) ``` ## Build & test ``` cmake -S /opt/beamfd -B /opt/beamfd/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release cmake --build /opt/beamfd/build --parallel cd /opt/beamfd/build && ctest --output-on-failure ``` The shipped test is only a small **smoke** check; the authoritative grading is a separate **hidden** suite that verifies accuracy against independently manufactured solutions and second-order mesh convergence across the supported support types, variable-EI profiles, foundations and end actions. Tolerances are intentionally not published , aim for a correct, convergent discretization rather than fitting any specific number.
I'll start by exploring the project structure and understanding the existing code.

/opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp

contents
1	#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
2	
3	#include <cmath>
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <stdexcept>
6	#include <vector>
7	
8	#include "beamfd/linalg.hpp"
9	#include "beamfd/types.hpp"
10	
11	namespace beamfd {
12	
13	// ============================================================================
14	// TODO(candidate): Implement the beam-bending finite-difference core.
15	//
16	// Two member functions below are stubs that currently return a zero deflection
17	// field and an empty/zero system, so every analysis is wrong and the grader
18	// fails. Replace the stub bodies of
19	//
20	//     BeamSystem BeamSolver::assemble_system() const;
21	//     BeamResult BeamSolver::solve()          const;
22	//
23	// with correct implementations of the boundary-value problem specified in
24	// instruction.md. Do NOT change the public signatures declared in
25	// include/beamfd/solver.hpp, do NOT modify the recovery helpers below, and
26	// reuse the existing support layer (DenseMatrix, solve_general, and the Beam
27	// accessors EI_at / k_at / q_at / end_moment / applied_end_shear / left /
28	// right / dx / num_intervals / num_nodes / validate).
29	//
30	// The physics, the support and load semantics, the contract, and the I/O
31	// format are described in instruction.md. The required behaviour is enforced
32	// by a hidden grading suite (the shipped tests/ are only a smoke check); design
33	// a discretization that is at least second-order accurate and assemble the
34	// linear system A w = b for the nodal deflection, then solve it with
35	// solve_general. Call Beam::validate() at the start of solve() and let its
36	// exceptions (and any singular-system exception from solve_general) propagate.
37	// ============================================================================
38	
39	BeamSystem BeamSolver::assemble_system() const {
40	    // TODO(candidate): build and return the finite-difference system A w = b.
41	    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
42	    BeamSystem sys;
43	    sys.A = DenseMatrix(n, n);  // all zeros -> singular / wrong
44	    sys.b.assign(n, 0.0);
45	    return sys;
46	}
47	
48	BeamResult BeamSolver::solve() const {
49	    // TODO(candidate): validate, assemble, solve, return the deflection field.
50	    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
51	    BeamResult result;
52	    result.deflection.assign(n, 0.0);  // trivially zero -> wrong
53	    return result;
54	}
55	
56	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
57	// Recovery helpers (already implemented; do NOT modify). These differentiate a
58	// given deflection field so callers can recompute physical quantities (bending
59	// moment, shear) directly from a candidate result, honoring a variable EI(x).
60	
61	namespace {
62	
63	// Second derivative w''(x_i) by central difference (interior) / one-sided
64	// 2nd-order difference (ends).
65	double second_derivative(const std::vector<double>& w, std::size_t i, double h2) {
66	    const std::size_t n = w.size();
67	    if (i == 0) {
68	        return (2.0 * w[0] - 5.0 * w[1] + 4.0 * w[2] - w[3]) / h2;
69	    }
70	    if (i == n - 1) {
71	        return (2.0 * w[n - 1] - 5.0 * w[n - 2] + 4.0 * w[n - 3] - w[n - 4]) / h2;
72	    }
73	    return (w[i - 1] - 2.0 * w[i] + w[i + 1]) / h2;
74	}
75	
76	} // namespace
77	
78	std::vector<double> BeamSolver::bending_moment_field(
79	    const std::vector<double>& w) const {
80	    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
81	    if (w.size() != n) {
82	        throw std::invalid_argument("bending_moment_field: deflection size mismatch");
83	    }
84	    const double h2 = beam_.dx() * beam_.dx();
85	    std::vector<double> M(n, 0.0);
86	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
87	        M[i] = beam_.EI_at(i) * second_derivative(w, i, h2);
88	    }
89	    return M;
90	}
91	
92	std::vector<double> BeamSolver::shear_field(const std::vector<double>& w) const {
93	    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
94	    if (w.size() != n) {
95	        throw std::invalid_argument("shear_field: deflection size mismatch");
96	    }
97	    if (n < 5) {
98	        throw std::invalid_argument("shear_field: need at least 5 nodes");
99	    }
100	    const double h = beam_.dx();
101	    const double h2 = h * h;
102	    std::vector<double> m(n, 0.0);
103	    for (std::size_t j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
104	        m[j] = beam_.EI_at(j) * second_derivative(w, j, h2);
105	    }
106	    std::vector<double> V(n, 0.0);
107	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
108	        if (i == 0) {
109	            V[i] = (-3.0 * m[0] + 4.0 * m[1] - m[2]) / (2.0 * h);
110	        } else if (i == n - 1) {
111	            V[i] = (3.0 * m[n - 1] - 4.0 * m[n - 2] + m[n - 3]) / (2.0 * h);
112	        } else {
113	            V[i] = (m[i + 1] - m[i - 1]) / (2.0 * h);
114	        }
115	    }
116	    return V;
117	}
118	
119	} // namespace beamfd
120

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd/solver.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef BEAMFD_SOLVER_HPP
2	#define BEAMFD_SOLVER_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <vector>
6	
7	#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
8	#include "beamfd/linalg.hpp"
9	
10	namespace beamfd {
11	
12	/// The assembled finite-difference linear system A w = b for a beam.
13	/// `A` has size num_nodes x num_nodes and `b` has length num_nodes; the
14	/// unknown w is the nodal transverse deflection field. Exposed so tests can
15	/// check the discrete equilibrium residual directly.
16	struct BeamSystem {
17	    DenseMatrix A;
18	    std::vector<double> b;
19	};
20	
21	/// Result of a static beam-bending analysis.
22	struct BeamResult {
23	    /// Nodal transverse deflection w_i [m], length == beam.num_nodes(),
24	    /// ordered from x = 0 (i = 0) to x = L (i = num_intervals).
25	    std::vector<double> deflection;
26	};
27	
28	/// Static bending solver for an Euler-Bernoulli beam with (possibly) variable
29	/// flexural rigidity and an optional elastic foundation. The continuum
30	/// boundary-value problem and the support/load semantics are specified in
31	/// instruction.md; choosing and assembling a suitable finite-difference
32	/// discretization of it, and solving the resulting linear system, is the work
33	/// of this class.
34	class BeamSolver {
35	public:
36	    explicit BeamSolver(const Beam& beam) : beam_(beam) {}
37	
38	    /// Run the full analysis. Calls Beam::validate() first and propagates any
39	    /// exception it throws. Throws std::runtime_error if the assembled system
40	    /// is singular.
41	    BeamResult solve() const;
42	
43	    /// Assemble the finite-difference system A w = b. Exposed for testing and
44	    /// reuse (the discrete equilibrium-residual invariant checks A w - b ~ 0 at
45	    /// the interior nodes).
46	    BeamSystem assemble_system() const;
47	
48	    // ---- Recovery helpers (fully implemented; operate on a deflection field).
49	    // These let the caller recompute physical quantities directly from a
50	    // candidate deflection vector, independent of how it was produced.
51	
52	    /// Bending moment M_i = EI(x_i) * w''(x_i) [N*m] via a central second
53	    /// difference at interior nodes and a one-sided second difference at the
54	    /// ends. `w` must have length num_nodes(). Throws std::invalid_argument
55	    /// otherwise.
56	    std::vector<double> bending_moment_field(const std::vector<double>& w) const;
57	
58	    /// Shear force V_i = (EI w'')'(x_i) [N] via finite differences of the
59	    /// nodal bending moment. `w` must have length num_nodes(). Throws
60	    /// std::invalid_argument otherwise.
61	    std::vector<double> shear_field(const std::vector<double>& w) const;
62	
63	private:
64	    const Beam& beam_;
65	};
66	
67	} // namespace beamfd
68	
69	#endif // BEAMFD_SOLVER_HPP
70
Let me explore the rest of the codebase to understand the available accessors and structures.

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd/beam.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef BEAMFD_BEAM_HPP
2	#define BEAMFD_BEAM_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <utility>
6	#include <vector>
7	
8	#include "beamfd/types.hpp"
9	
10	namespace beamfd {
11	
12	/// A 1D Euler-Bernoulli beam discretized on a uniform grid, with a possibly
13	/// non-uniform flexural rigidity EI(x), an optional Winkler elastic foundation
14	/// k(x), a (possibly spatially varying) transverse load q(x), and optional
15	/// applied force/moment at free ends.
16	///
17	/// This is a plain data container plus light validation. The numerical core
18	/// (assembling and solving the finite-difference system for the deflection
19	/// field) lives in BeamSolver (see solver.hpp).
20	///
21	/// Geometry / grid:
22	///   - The beam occupies x in [0, L], divided into `num_intervals` equal cells,
23	///     giving num_nodes() = num_intervals + 1 grid points at x_i = i * dx,
24	///     dx = L / num_intervals, for i = 0 .. num_intervals.
25	///
26	/// Fields are stored per node (length num_nodes()):
27	///   - EI_at(i)  flexural rigidity at node i  [N*m^2]      (> 0)
28	///   - k_at(i)   Winkler foundation modulus at node i [N/m^2] (>= 0; 0 = none)
29	///   - q_at(i)   distributed transverse load at node i [N/m]
30	/// plus optional applied actions at free ends (force [N] and moment [N*m]).
31	class Beam {
32	public:
33	    /// Construct a beam of length `length` [m] with a uniform flexural rigidity
34	    /// `EI` [N*m^2], discretized into `num_intervals` equal cells, with the
35	    /// given end supports. EI(x) is initialised constant, k(x) = 0, q(x) = 0.
36	    /// Throws std::invalid_argument if length or EI is non-positive or
37	    /// num_intervals < 2.
38	    Beam(double length, double EI, std::size_t num_intervals, Support left,
39	         Support right);
40	
41	    // ---- Field setters -------------------------------------------------------
42	
43	    /// Set the nodal flexural-rigidity field EI(x_i). Size must equal
44	    /// num_nodes(); every value must be > 0. Throws std::invalid_argument.
45	    void set_ei_nodal(const std::vector<double>& ei);
46	
47	    /// Set EI(x) from piecewise-linear control points (x, value), sampled at
48	    /// each node. Points are taken in the given order; x outside the range is
49	    /// clamped to the nearest endpoint value. Every sampled value must be > 0.
50	    void set_ei_profile(const std::vector<std::pair<double, double>>& points);
51	
52	    /// Set the nodal Winkler foundation field k(x_i) >= 0. Size == num_nodes().
53	    void set_foundation_nodal(const std::vector<double>& k);
54	
55	    /// Set k(x) from piecewise-linear control points (x, value).
56	    void set_foundation_profile(
57	        const std::vector<std::pair<double, double>>& points);
58	
59	    /// Set the nodal distributed-load field q(x_i). Size == num_nodes().
60	    void set_q_nodal(const std::vector<double>& q);
61	
62	    /// Set a uniform distributed load q [N/m] over the whole span (overwrites
63	    /// the load field).
64	    void set_distributed_load(double q);
65	
66	    /// Add a piecewise-linear distributed-load segment ramping from q0 at x0 to
67	    /// q1 at x1 [N/m] to the existing load field. Segments are additive.
68	    void add_load_segment(double x0, double x1, double q0, double q1);
69	
70	    /// Apply a transverse force P [N] at a free end (`at_left_end` -> x = 0,
71	    /// else x = L). Throws std::runtime_error if that end is not Free.
72	    void set_end_load(double P, bool at_left_end);
73	
74	    /// Apply a concentrated moment M [N*m] at a free end. Throws
75	    /// std::runtime_error if that end is not Free.
76	    void set_end_moment(double M, bool at_left_end);
77	
78	    // ---- Accessors -----------------------------------------------------------
79	
80	    double length() const { return length_; }
81	    std::size_t num_intervals() const { return num_intervals_; }
82	    std::size_t num_nodes() const { return num_intervals_ + 1; }
83	    double dx() const { return length_ / static_cast<double>(num_intervals_); }
84	    double node_x(std::size_t i) const;
85	
86	    Support left() const { return left_; }
87	    Support right() const { return right_; }
88	
89	    double EI_at(std::size_t i) const;  ///< nodal flexural rigidity [N*m^2]
90	    double k_at(std::size_t i) const;   ///< nodal foundation modulus [N/m^2]
91	    double q_at(std::size_t i) const;   ///< nodal distributed load [N/m]
92	
93	    /// A representative (maximum nodal) flexural rigidity [N*m^2], used as a
94	    /// scale for residual normalisation. Equals the constant EI for a uniform
95	    /// beam.
96	    double EI() const;
97	
98	    /// True if any nodal foundation modulus is strictly positive.
99	    bool has_foundation() const;
100	
101	    /// Applied end shear V at a free end (`left_end` -> x = 0). A transverse
102	    /// force P at a free end contributes V = -P; 0 if no force is applied.
103	    double applied_end_shear(bool left_end) const;
104	
105	    /// Applied end moment M [N*m] at a free end (0 if none).
106	    double end_moment(bool left_end) const;
107	
108	    /// True if any end force has been applied.
109	    bool has_end_load() const;
110	
111	    /// Throws std::runtime_error if the support / foundation combination cannot
112	    /// suppress rigid-body motion (a free end opposite a non-clamped end, or
113	    /// two free ends, is a mechanism UNLESS an elastic foundation is present).
114	    void validate() const;
115	
116	private:
117	    static std::size_t end_index(bool left_end) { return left_end ? 0u : 1u; }
118	
119	    double length_{0.0};
120	    std::size_t num_intervals_{0};
121	    Support left_{Support::Clamped};
122	    Support right_{Support::Free};
123	    std::vector<double> ei_;  // nodal EI, length num_nodes()
124	    std::vector<double> k_;   // nodal foundation, length num_nodes()
125	    std::vector<double> q_;   // nodal load, length num_nodes()
126	    double force_[2]{0.0, 0.0};   // applied transverse force [left, right]
127	    double moment_[2]{0.0, 0.0};  // applied moment [left, right]
128	};
129	
130	} // namespace beamfd
131	
132	#endif // BEAMFD_BEAM_HPP
133

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd/linalg.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef BEAMFD_LINALG_HPP
2	#define BEAMFD_LINALG_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	#include <stdexcept>
6	#include <vector>
7	
8	namespace beamfd {
9	
10	/// A small, row-major dense matrix of doubles.
11	///
12	/// Part of the engine's linear-algebra support layer; fully implemented. The
13	/// beam solver uses it to hold the finite-difference system matrix A in
14	/// A w = b. Unlike a structural stiffness matrix, A here is generally NON
15	/// symmetric (boundary-condition rows are one-sided difference stencils), so
16	/// the solve uses a general LU factorization rather than a Cholesky/LDL^T.
17	class DenseMatrix {
18	public:
19	    DenseMatrix() = default;
20	
21	    DenseMatrix(std::size_t rows, std::size_t cols)
22	        : rows_(rows), cols_(cols), data_(rows * cols, 0.0) {}
23	
24	    std::size_t rows() const { return rows_; }
25	    std::size_t cols() const { return cols_; }
26	
27	    double& operator()(std::size_t r, std::size_t c) {
28	        return data_[r * cols_ + c];
29	    }
30	    double operator()(std::size_t r, std::size_t c) const {
31	        return data_[r * cols_ + c];
32	    }
33	
34	    void fill(double v) {
35	        for (auto& x : data_) x = v;
36	    }
37	
38	private:
39	    std::size_t rows_{0};
40	    std::size_t cols_{0};
41	    std::vector<double> data_;
42	};
43	
44	/// Solve the general (possibly non-symmetric) linear system A x = b by LU
45	/// factorization with partial (row) pivoting.
46	///
47	/// `A` is the n-by-n system matrix and `b` is the right-hand side of length n.
48	/// Returns the solution vector x of length n.
49	///
50	/// Throws std::runtime_error if A is not square, if the dimensions are
51	/// inconsistent, or if A is detected to be singular (a pivot column is
52	/// numerically zero), which is how an under-/over-determined boundary-value
53	/// problem surfaces.
54	std::vector<double> solve_general(const DenseMatrix& A,
55	                                  const std::vector<double>& b);
56	
57	} // namespace beamfd
58	
59	#endif // BEAMFD_LINALG_HPP
60

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd/types.hpp

contents
1	#ifndef BEAMFD_TYPES_HPP
2	#define BEAMFD_TYPES_HPP
3	
4	#include <cstddef>
5	
6	namespace beamfd {
7	
8	/// Type of support condition applied at one end of the beam.
9	///
10	///  - Clamped (built-in / fixed): deflection and slope are both zero
11	///    (w = 0, w' = 0).
12	///  - Pinned (simple support):    deflection is zero and the bending moment
13	///    is zero (w = 0, M = 0).
14	///  - Free:                       the bending moment and shear take their
15	///    applied values (M = M_applied, V = V_applied), both zero when no end
16	///    action is applied.
17	///
18	/// See instruction.md for the continuum boundary-value problem these encode.
19	enum class Support {
20	    Clamped,
21	    Pinned,
22	    Free,
23	};
24	
25	} // namespace beamfd
26	
27	#endif // BEAMFD_TYPES_HPP
28
Let me look at the tests and the support layer details.
shell
ls -R /opt/beamfd --ignore=build 2>/dev/null | head -60; echo "---TESTS---"; ls /opt/beamfd/tests 2>/dev/null
output
/opt/beamfd:
CMakeLists.txt
examples
include
src
tests

/opt/beamfd/examples:
cantilever_tip.beam

/opt/beamfd/include:
beamfd

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd:
beam.hpp
io.hpp
linalg.hpp
solver.hpp
types.hpp

/opt/beamfd/src:
beam.cpp
io.cpp
linalg.cpp
main.cpp
solver.cpp

/opt/beamfd/tests:
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp
---TESTS---
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp

[stdout]
/opt/beamfd:
CMakeLists.txt
examples
include
src
tests

/opt/beamfd/examples:
cantilever_tip.beam

/opt/beamfd/include:
beamfd

/opt/beamfd/include/beamfd:
beam.hpp
io.hpp
linalg.hpp
solver.hpp
types.hpp

/opt/beamfd/src:
beam.cpp
io.cpp
linalg.cpp
main.cpp
solver.cpp

/opt/beamfd/tests:
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp
---TESTS---
CMakeLists.txt
test_smoke.cpp
test_util.hpp

/opt/beamfd/src/beam.cpp

contents
1	#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
2	
3	#include <algorithm>
4	#include <stdexcept>
5	
6	namespace beamfd {
7	
8	namespace {
9	
10	// Piecewise-linear interpolation of control points (x, value) at coordinate x.
11	// Points are used in the given order (assumed nondecreasing in x); x outside
12	// the range is clamped to the nearest endpoint.
13	double interp(const std::vector<std::pair<double, double>>& pts, double x) {
14	    if (pts.empty()) {
15	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam: empty profile control points");
16	    }
17	    if (x <= pts.front().first) return pts.front().second;
18	    if (x >= pts.back().first) return pts.back().second;
19	    for (std::size_t s = 1; s < pts.size(); ++s) {
20	        const double x0 = pts[s - 1].first, x1 = pts[s].first;
21	        if (x <= x1) {
22	            const double t = (x1 > x0) ? (x - x0) / (x1 - x0) : 0.0;
23	            return pts[s - 1].second + t * (pts[s].second - pts[s - 1].second);
24	        }
25	    }
26	    return pts.back().second;
27	}
28	
29	} // namespace
30	
31	Beam::Beam(double length, double EI, std::size_t num_intervals, Support left,
32	           Support right)
33	    : length_(length),
34	      num_intervals_(num_intervals),
35	      left_(left),
36	      right_(right) {
37	    if (length_ <= 0.0) {
38	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam: length must be positive");
39	    }
40	    if (EI <= 0.0) {
41	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam: EI must be positive");
42	    }
43	    if (num_intervals_ < 2) {
44	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam: need at least 2 intervals");
45	    }
46	    const std::size_t n = num_nodes();
47	    ei_.assign(n, EI);
48	    k_.assign(n, 0.0);
49	    q_.assign(n, 0.0);
50	}
51	
52	void Beam::set_ei_nodal(const std::vector<double>& ei) {
53	    if (ei.size() != num_nodes()) {
54	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam::set_ei_nodal: size mismatch");
55	    }
56	    for (double v : ei) {
57	        if (v <= 0.0) {
58	            throw std::invalid_argument("Beam::set_ei_nodal: EI must be positive");
59	        }
60	    }
61	    ei_ = ei;
62	}
63	
64	void Beam::set_ei_profile(const std::vector<std::pair<double, double>>& points) {
65	    std::vector<double> ei(num_nodes());
66	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_nodes(); ++i) ei[i] = interp(points, node_x(i));
67	    set_ei_nodal(ei);
68	}
69	
70	void Beam::set_foundation_nodal(const std::vector<double>& k) {
71	    if (k.size() != num_nodes()) {
72	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam::set_foundation_nodal: size mismatch");
73	    }
74	    for (double v : k) {
75	        if (v < 0.0) {
76	            throw std::invalid_argument(
77	                "Beam::set_foundation_nodal: k must be non-negative");
78	        }
79	    }
80	    k_ = k;
81	}
82	
83	void Beam::set_foundation_profile(
84	    const std::vector<std::pair<double, double>>& points) {
85	    std::vector<double> k(num_nodes());
86	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_nodes(); ++i) k[i] = interp(points, node_x(i));
87	    set_foundation_nodal(k);
88	}
89	
90	void Beam::set_q_nodal(const std::vector<double>& q) {
91	    if (q.size() != num_nodes()) {
92	        throw std::invalid_argument("Beam::set_q_nodal: size mismatch");
93	    }
94	    q_ = q;
95	}
96	
97	void Beam::set_distributed_load(double q) { q_.assign(num_nodes(), q); }
98	
99	void Beam::add_load_segment(double x0, double x1, double q0, double q1) {
100	    if (x1 < x0) {
101	        std::swap(x0, x1);
102	        std::swap(q0, q1);
103	    }
104	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_nodes(); ++i) {
105	        const double x = node_x(i);
106	        if (x < x0 || x > x1) continue;
107	        const double t = (x1 > x0) ? (x - x0) / (x1 - x0) : 0.0;
108	        q_[i] += q0 + t * (q1 - q0);
109	    }
110	}
111	
112	void Beam::set_end_load(double P, bool at_left_end) {
113	    const Support s = at_left_end ? left_ : right_;
114	    if (s != Support::Free) {
115	        throw std::runtime_error(
116	            "Beam::set_end_load: end load may only be applied at a free end");
117	    }
118	    force_[end_index(at_left_end)] = P;
119	}
120	
121	void Beam::set_end_moment(double M, bool at_left_end) {
122	    const Support s = at_left_end ? left_ : right_;
123	    if (s != Support::Free) {
124	        throw std::runtime_error(
125	            "Beam::set_end_moment: end moment may only be applied at a free end");
126	    }
127	    moment_[end_index(at_left_end)] = M;
128	}
129	
130	double Beam::node_x(std::size_t i) const {
131	    if (i > num_intervals_) {
132	        throw std::out_of_range("Beam::node_x: node index out of range");
133	    }
134	    return static_cast<double>(i) * dx();
135	}
136	
137	double Beam::EI_at(std::size_t i) const {
138	    if (i >= ei_.size()) throw std::out_of_range("Beam::EI_at: index out of range");
139	    return ei_[i];
140	}
141	
142	double Beam::k_at(std::size_t i) const {
143	    if (i >= k_.size()) throw std::out_of_range("Beam::k_at: index out of range");
144	    return k_[i];
145	}
146	
147	double Beam::q_at(std::size_t i) const {
148	    if (i >= q_.size()) throw std::out_of_range("Beam::q_at: index out of range");
149	    return q_[i];
150	}
151	
152	double Beam::EI() const {
153	    double m = 0.0;
154	    for (double v : ei_) m = std::max(m, v);
155	    return m;
156	}
157	
158	bool Beam::has_foundation() const {
159	    for (double v : k_) {
160	        if (v > 0.0) return true;
161	    }
162	    return false;
163	}
164	
165	double Beam::applied_end_shear(bool left_end) const {
166	    return -force_[end_index(left_end)];
167	}
168	
169	double Beam::end_moment(bool left_end) const { return moment_[end_index(left_end)]; }
170	
171	bool Beam::has_end_load() const { return force_[0] != 0.0 || force_[1] != 0.0; }
172	
173	void Beam::validate() const {
174	    const bool left_free = (left_ == Support::Free);
175	    const bool right_free = (right_ == Support::Free);
176	
177	    // An elastic foundation supplies distributed restraint that removes the
178	    // rigid-body modes, so any support combination is well posed when present.
179	    if (has_foundation()) return;
180	
181	    if (left_free && right_free) {
182	        throw std::runtime_error("Beam::validate: free-free beam is a mechanism");
183	    }
184	    if (left_free && right_ != Support::Clamped) {
185	        throw std::runtime_error(
186	            "Beam::validate: a free end requires a clamped opposite end");
187	    }
188	    if (right_free && left_ != Support::Clamped) {
189	        throw std::runtime_error(
190	            "Beam::validate: a free end requires a clamped opposite end");
191	    }
192	}
193	
194	} // namespace beamfd
195
Now let me look at the test smoke check and the io to confirm sign conventions.

/opt/beamfd/tests/test_smoke.cpp

contents
1	// Smoke test for the beamfd project: a minimal, non-leaky sanity check so the
2	// project compiles and a solver gets quick feedback. It asserts only generic
3	// properties (finite field, pinned ends fixed, a non-trivial deflection, and a
4	// small interior discrete-equilibrium residual) and contains NO closed-form
5	// answer. The authoritative grading is performed by a separate hidden suite.
6	
7	#include <algorithm>
8	#include <cmath>
9	
10	#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
11	#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
12	#include "test_util.hpp"
13	
14	using namespace beamfd;
15	
16	BEAMFD_TEST("smoke_pinned_udl_sane") {
17	    Beam beam(2.0, 1000.0, 20, Support::Pinned, Support::Pinned);
18	    beam.set_distributed_load(5.0);
19	    BeamSolver solver(beam);
20	    BeamResult r = solver.solve();
21	    const std::size_t n = beam.num_nodes();
22	
23	    beamfd_test::expect(r.deflection.size() == n, "deflection has num_nodes entries");
24	    for (double w : r.deflection) {
25	        beamfd_test::expect(std::isfinite(w), "deflection is finite");
26	    }
27	    beamfd_test::expect_near(r.deflection[0], 0.0, 1e-9, "left pin fixed");
28	    beamfd_test::expect_near(r.deflection[n - 1], 0.0, 1e-9, "right pin fixed");
29	    beamfd_test::expect(r.deflection[n / 2] > 0.0, "mid-span deflects under load");
30	
31	    // Interior discrete-equilibrium residual A w - b ~ 0 (relative to scale).
32	    BeamSystem sys = solver.assemble_system();
33	    double scale = 0.0;
34	    for (double w : r.deflection) scale = std::max(scale, std::fabs(w));
35	    const double c4 = beam.EI() / std::pow(beam.dx(), 4);
36	    for (std::size_t i = 2; i + 2 < n; ++i) {
37	        double res = -sys.b[i];
38	        for (std::size_t j = 0; j < n; ++j) res += sys.A(i, j) * r.deflection[j];
39	        beamfd_test::expect(std::fabs(res) <= 1e-6 * (c4 * scale) + 1e-9,
40	                            "interior equilibrium residual is small");
41	    }
42	}
43	
44	BEAMFD_TEST_MAIN()
45

/opt/beamfd/src/io.cpp

contents
1	#include "beamfd/io.hpp"
2	
3	#include <array>
4	#include <fstream>
5	#include <iomanip>
6	#include <optional>
7	#include <sstream>
8	#include <stdexcept>
9	#include <string>
10	#include <utility>
11	#include <vector>
12	
13	namespace beamfd {
14	
15	namespace {
16	
17	[[noreturn]] void fail(std::size_t line_no, const std::string& msg) {
18	    std::ostringstream oss;
19	    oss << "parse_beam: line " << line_no << ": " << msg;
20	    throw std::runtime_error(oss.str());
21	}
22	
23	Support parse_support(std::size_t line_no, const std::string& tok) {
24	    if (tok == "clamped") return Support::Clamped;
25	    if (tok == "pinned") return Support::Pinned;
26	    if (tok == "free") return Support::Free;
27	    fail(line_no, "support must be one of: clamped | pinned | free (got '" + tok +
28	                      "')");
29	}
30	
31	bool parse_side(std::size_t line_no, const std::string& tok) {
32	    if (tok == "left") return true;
33	    if (tok == "right") return false;
34	    fail(line_no, "side must be 'left' or 'right'");
35	}
36	
37	std::vector<std::pair<double, double>> read_pairs(std::size_t line_no,
38	                                                  std::istringstream& ls,
39	                                                  const char* what) {
40	    std::vector<std::pair<double, double>> pts;
41	    double x, v;
42	    while (ls >> x >> v) pts.emplace_back(x, v);
43	    if (pts.empty()) fail(line_no, std::string("expected x value pairs after ") + what);
44	    return pts;
45	}
46	
47	} // namespace
48	
49	Beam parse_beam(std::istream& in) {
50	    std::optional<double> length, EI;
51	    std::optional<std::size_t> cells;
52	    std::optional<Support> left, right;
53	    std::vector<std::pair<double, double>> ei_profile, foundation_profile;
54	    std::optional<double> foundation_const;
55	    double q = 0.0;
56	    bool have_udl = false;
57	    std::vector<std::array<double, 4>> loads;
58	    std::vector<std::pair<bool, double>> end_forces, end_moments;
59	
60	    std::string line;
61	    std::size_t line_no = 0;
62	    while (std::getline(in, line)) {
63	        ++line_no;
64	        const auto hash = line.find('#');
65	        if (hash != std::string::npos) line.erase(hash);
66	        std::istringstream ls(line);
67	        std::string tag;
68	        if (!(ls >> tag)) continue;
69	
70	        if (tag == "length") {
71	            double v;
72	            if (!(ls >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: length <L>");
73	            length = v;
74	        } else if (tag == "ei") {
75	            double v;
76	            if (!(ls >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: ei <EI>");
77	            EI = v;
78	        } else if (tag == "ei_profile") {
79	            ei_profile = read_pairs(line_no, ls, "ei_profile");
80	        } else if (tag == "cells") {
81	            std::size_t v;
82	            if (!(ls >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: cells <n>");
83	            cells = v;
84	        } else if (tag == "support") {
85	            std::string a, b;
86	            if (!(ls >> a >> b)) fail(line_no, "expected: support <left> <right>");
87	            left = parse_support(line_no, a);
88	            right = parse_support(line_no, b);
89	        } else if (tag == "foundation") {
90	            double v;
91	            if (!(ls >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: foundation <k>");
92	            foundation_const = v;
93	        } else if (tag == "foundation_profile") {
94	            foundation_profile = read_pairs(line_no, ls, "foundation_profile");
95	        } else if (tag == "udl") {
96	            double v;
97	            if (!(ls >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: udl <q>");
98	            q = v;
99	            have_udl = true;
100	        } else if (tag == "load") {
101	            double x0, x1, q0, q1;
102	            if (!(ls >> x0 >> x1 >> q0 >> q1))
103	                fail(line_no, "expected: load <x0> <x1> <q0> <q1>");
104	            loads.push_back({x0, x1, q0, q1});
105	        } else if (tag == "endload") {
106	            std::string side;
107	            double v;
108	            if (!(ls >> side >> v)) fail(line_no, "expected: endload <left|right> <P>");
109	            end_forces.emplace_back(parse_side(line_no, side), v);
110	        } else if (tag == "endmoment") {
111	            std::string side;
112	            double v;
113	            if (!(ls >> side >> v))
114	                fail(line_no, "expected: endmoment <left|right> <M>");
115	            end_moments.emplace_back(parse_side(line_no, side), v);
116	        } else {
117	            fail(line_no, "unknown record '" + tag + "'");
118	        }
119	    }
120	
121	    if (!length) fail(line_no, "missing required record: length");
122	    if (!cells) fail(line_no, "missing required record: cells");
123	    if (!left || !right) fail(line_no, "missing required record: support");
124	    if (!EI && ei_profile.empty())
125	        fail(line_no, "missing required record: ei or ei_profile");
126	
127	    const double ei_seed = EI ? *EI : 1.0;
128	    Beam beam(*length, ei_seed, *cells, *left, *right);
129	    if (!ei_profile.empty()) beam.set_ei_profile(ei_profile);
130	    if (foundation_const) beam.set_foundation_nodal(
131	        std::vector<double>(beam.num_nodes(), *foundation_const));
132	    if (!foundation_profile.empty()) beam.set_foundation_profile(foundation_profile);
133	    if (have_udl) beam.set_distributed_load(q);
134	    for (const auto& s : loads) beam.add_load_segment(s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3]);
135	
136	    try {
137	        for (const auto& e : end_forces) beam.set_end_load(e.second, e.first);
138	        for (const auto& e : end_moments) beam.set_end_moment(e.second, e.first);
139	    } catch (const std::exception& ex) {
140	        fail(line_no, ex.what());
141	    }
142	    return beam;
143	}
144	
145	Beam parse_beam_file(const std::string& path) {
146	    std::ifstream in(path);
147	    if (!in) {
148	        throw std::runtime_error("parse_beam_file: cannot open '" + path + "'");
149	    }
150	    return parse_beam(in);
151	}
152	
153	void write_report(std::ostream& out, const Beam& beam, const BeamResult& result) {
154	    BeamSolver solver(beam);
155	    const std::vector<double> M = solver.bending_moment_field(result.deflection);
156	    const std::vector<double> V = solver.shear_field(result.deflection);
157	
158	    out << std::scientific << std::setprecision(6);
159	    out << "# beam analysis report\n";
160	    out << "length=" << beam.length() << " EI(max)=" << beam.EI()
161	        << " nodes=" << beam.num_nodes() << " dx=" << beam.dx() << "\n\n";
162	
163	    out << "[fields] (i, x, w[m], M=EI*w''[N*m], V=(EI*w'')'[N])\n";
164	    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < beam.num_nodes(); ++i) {
165	        out << i << " " << beam.node_x(i) << " " << result.deflection[i] << " "
166	            << M[i] << " " << V[i] << "\n";
167	    }
168	}
169	
170	} // namespace beamfd
171
Now I have a complete understanding. Let me verify the example file and the linalg solver briefly, then implement.

/opt/beamfd/examples/cantilever_tip.beam

contents
1	# Cantilever beam with a downward point load at the free tip.
2	# Clamped (built-in) at x = 0, free at x = L.
3	length 3.0          # span [m]
4	ei     2.0e6        # flexural rigidity EI [N*m^2]
5	cells  200          # number of equal finite-difference intervals
6	
7	# Left end clamped, right end free.
8	support clamped free
9	
10	# Downward point load of 1 kN at the free right tip.
11	endload right 1000.0
12

/opt/beamfd/src/linalg.cpp

contents
1	#include "beamfd/linalg.hpp"
2	
3	#include <cmath>
4	
5	namespace beamfd {
6	
7	std::vector<double> solve_general(const DenseMatrix& A,
8	                                  const std::vector<double>& b) {
9	    const std::size_t n = A.rows();
10	    if (A.cols() != n) {
11	        throw std::runtime_error("solve_general: matrix is not square");
12	    }
13	    if (b.size() != n) {
14	        throw std::runtime_error("solve_general: right-hand side size mismatch");
15	    }
16	
17	    // Work on mutable copies (Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting).
18	    DenseMatrix M = A;
19	    std::vector<double> x = b;
20	
21	    for (std::size_t col = 0; col < n; ++col) {
22	        // Find the pivot row (largest magnitude in this column at/below the
23	        // diagonal) for numerical stability.
24	        std::size_t pivot = col;
25	        double best = std::fabs(M(col, col));
26	        for (std::size_t r = col + 1; r < n; ++r) {
27	            const double v = std::fabs(M(r, col));
28	            if (v > best) {
29	                best = v;
30	                pivot = r;
31	            }
32	        }
33	        if (best <= 1e-300) {
34	            throw std::runtime_error("solve_general: matrix is singular");
35	        }
36	
37	        // Swap pivot row into place (in both M and the RHS).
38	        if (pivot != col) {
39	            for (std::size_t c = 0; c < n; ++c) {
40	                std::swap(M(col, c), M(pivot, c));
41	            }
42	            std::swap(x[col], x[pivot]);
43	        }
44	
45	        // Eliminate entries below the pivot.
46	        const double diag = M(col, col);
47	        for (std::size_t r = col + 1; r < n; ++r) {
48	            const double factor = M(r, col) / diag;
49	            if (factor == 0.0) continue;
50	            M(r, col) = 0.0;
51	            for (std::size_t c = col + 1; c < n; ++c) {
52	                M(r, c) -= factor * M(col, c);
53	            }
54	            x[r] -= factor * x[col];
55	        }
56	    }
57	
58	    // Back substitution.
59	    for (std::size_t ii = 0; ii < n; ++ii) {
60	        const std::size_t i = n - 1 - ii;
61	        double s = x[i];
62	        for (std::size_t c = i + 1; c < n; ++c) {
63	            s -= M(i, c) * x[c];
64	        }
65	        x[i] = s / M(i, i);
66	    }
67	
68	    return x;
69	}
70	
71	} // namespace beamfd
72
Everything is consistent with my plan. Now let me implement the two functions.

/opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp

− removed
BeamSystem BeamSolver::assemble_system() const {
    // TODO(candidate): build and return the finite-difference system A w = b.
    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
    BeamSystem sys;
    sys.A = DenseMatrix(n, n);  // all zeros -> singular / wrong
    sys.b.assign(n, 0.0);
    return sys;
}

BeamResult BeamSolver::solve() const {
    // TODO(candidate): validate, assemble, solve, return the deflection field.
    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
    BeamResult result;
    result.deflection.assign(n, 0.0);  // trivially zero -> wrong
    return result;
}
+ added
BeamSystem BeamSolver::assemble_system() const {
    // Discretize  d²/dx²( EI(x) w'' ) + k(x) w = q(x)  on the uniform grid
    // x_i = i*dx, i = 0..N, with n = N+1 nodal unknowns w_i.
    //
    // Strategy: introduce the discrete nodal moment m_i ≈ EI(x_i) w''(x_i),
    // formed by a second-order central second difference at interior nodes and
    // a second-order one-sided second difference at the two ends. The interior
    // equilibrium equation is the second difference of that moment field plus
    // the foundation term:
    //
    //     (m_{i-1} - 2 m_i + m_{i+1})/dx² + k_i w_i = q_i ,  i = 2 .. N-2
    //
    // which for constant EI collapses to the classic EI*w'''' five-point
    // stencil and stays second-order for variable EI. The four remaining rows
    // (0, 1 and N-1, N) carry the two boundary conditions of each end, all
    // discretized to the same second order. Every m_i below is expanded into
    // its w-coefficients, so A acts directly on the nodal deflection vector.
    const std::size_t n = beam_.num_nodes();
    const std::size_t N = beam_.num_intervals();
    const double dx = beam_.dx();
    const double dx2 = dx * dx;

    BeamSystem sys;
    sys.A = DenseMatrix(n, n);
    sys.b.assign(n, 0.0);
    DenseMatrix& A = sys.A;
    std::vector<double>& b = sys.b;

    // Add  coef * m_j  (the discrete moment at node j, expressed through its
    // w-stencil) into row r of A. Interior nodes use the central second
    // difference; the boundary nodes 0 and N use a second-order one-sided
    // second difference (the same stencils as the recovery helpers above).
    auto add_moment = [&](std::size_t r, std::size_t j, double coef) {
        const double e = coef * beam_.EI_at(j) / dx2;
        if (j == 0) {
            A(r, 0) += 2.0 * e;
            A(r, 1) += -5.0 * e;
            A(r, 2) += 4.0 * e;
            A(r, 3) += -1.0 * e;
        } else if (j == N) {
            A(r, N) += 2.0 * e;
            A(r, N - 1) += -5.0 * e;
            A(r, N - 2) += 4.0 * e;
            A(r, N - 3) += -1.0 * e;
        } else {
            A(r, j - 1) += 1.0 * e;
            A(r, j) += -2.0 * e;
            A(r, j + 1) += 1.0 * e;
        }
    };

    // Interior equilibrium rows i = 2 .. N-2.
    for (std::size_t i = 2; i + 2 <= N; ++i) {
        add_moment(i, i - 1, 1.0 / dx2);
        add_moment(i, i, -2.0 / dx2);
        add_moment(i, i + 1, 1.0 / dx2);
        A(i, i) += beam_.k_at(i);
        b[i] = beam_.q_at(i);
    }

    // ---- Left end: rows 0 (primary) and 1 (secondary). --------------------
    switch (beam_.left()) {
        case Support::Clamped:
            // w(0) = 0  and  w'(0) = 0.
            A(0, 0) = 1.0;
            A(1, 0) += -3.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            A(1, 1) += 4.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            A(1, 2) += -1.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            break;
        case Support::Pinned:
            // w(0) = 0  and  M = EI w''(0) = 0  (i.e. w''(0) = 0).
            A(0, 0) = 1.0;
            A(1, 0) += 2.0 / dx2;
            A(1, 1) += -5.0 / dx2;
            A(1, 2) += 4.0 / dx2;
            A(1, 3) += -1.0 / dx2;
            break;
        case Support::Free:
            // M = EI w''(0) = M_applied  and  V = (EI w'')'(0) = V_applied.
            add_moment(0, 0, 1.0);
            b[0] = beam_.end_moment(true);
            add_moment(1, 0, -3.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            add_moment(1, 1, 4.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            add_moment(1, 2, -1.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            b[1] = beam_.applied_end_shear(true);
            break;
    }

    // ---- Right end: rows N (primary) and N-1 (secondary). -----------------
    switch (beam_.right()) {
        case Support::Clamped:
            // w(L) = 0  and  w'(L) = 0.
            A(N, N) = 1.0;
            A(N - 1, N) += 3.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            A(N - 1, N - 1) += -4.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            A(N - 1, N - 2) += 1.0 / (2.0 * dx);
            break;
        case Support::Pinned:
            // w(L) = 0  and  M = EI w''(L) = 0.
            A(N, N) = 1.0;
            A(N - 1, N) += 2.0 / dx2;
            A(N - 1, N - 1) += -5.0 / dx2;
            A(N - 1, N - 2) += 4.0 / dx2;
            A(N - 1, N - 3) += -1.0 / dx2;
            break;
        case Support::Free:
            // M = EI w''(L) = M_applied  and  V = (EI w'')'(L) = V_applied.
            add_moment(N, N, 1.0);
            b[N] = beam_.end_moment(false);
            add_moment(N - 1, N, 3.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            add_moment(N - 1, N - 1, -4.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            add_moment(N - 1, N - 2, 1.0 / (2.0 * dx));
            b[N - 1] = beam_.applied_end_shear(false);
            break;
    }

    return sys;
}

BeamResult BeamSolver::solve() const {
    beam_.validate();  // propagate mechanism / configuration errors
    const BeamSystem sys = assemble_system();
    BeamResult result;
    // A singular system surfaces as an exception from solve_general; let it
    // propagate per the contract.
    result.deflection = solve_general(sys.A, sys.b);
    return result;
}
Now let me build and run the tests.
shell
cmake -S /opt/beamfd -B /opt/beamfd/build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release >/dev/null 2>&1 && cmake --build /opt/beamfd/build --parallel 2>&1 | tail -20 && cd /opt/beamfd/build && ctest --output-on-failure 2>&1 | tail -25
output
[ 11%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/linalg.cpp.o
[ 22%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/beam.cpp.o
[ 33%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 44%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 55%] Linking CXX static library libbeamfd.a
[ 55%] Built target beamfd
[ 66%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 77%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_smoke.dir/test_smoke.cpp.o
[ 88%] Linking CXX executable beamfd_cli
[ 88%] Built target beamfd_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/beamfd/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec

[stdout]
[ 11%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/linalg.cpp.o
[ 22%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/beam.cpp.o
[ 33%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 44%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 55%] Linking CXX static library libbeamfd.a
[ 55%] Built target beamfd
[ 66%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 77%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_smoke.dir/test_smoke.cpp.o
[ 88%] Linking CXX executable beamfd_cli
[ 88%] Built target beamfd_cli
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_smoke
[100%] Built target test_smoke
Test project /opt/beamfd/build
    Start 1: smoke
1/1 Test #1: smoke ............................   Passed    0.00 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 1

Total Test time (real) =   0.00 sec
Smoke passes. Let me verify accuracy against manufactured solutions and check second-order convergence with a standalone test.
shell
cat > /tmp/verify.cpp <<'EOF'
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
using namespace beamfd;

double err_cantilever(int N){
  double L=3.0,EI=2.0e6,P=1000.0;
  Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Clamped,Support::Free);
  beam.set_end_load(P,false);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double exact=P*L*L*L/(3.0*EI);
  return std::fabs(w.back()-exact)/exact;
}
double err_ss_udl(int N){
  double L=2.0,EI=1000.0,q=5.0;
  Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Pinned,Support::Pinned);
  beam.set_distributed_load(q);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double exact=5.0*q*L*L*L*L/(384.0*EI);
  return std::fabs(w[N/2]-exact)/exact;
}
// clamped-clamped UDL: w_mid = q L^4/(384 EI)
double err_cc_udl(int N){
  double L=4.0,EI=5000.0,q=12.0;
  Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Clamped,Support::Clamped);
  beam.set_distributed_load(q);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double exact=q*L*L*L*L/(384.0*EI);
  return std::fabs(w[N/2]-exact)/exact;
}
// cantilever with end moment M: w(L)=M L^2/(2EI)
double err_cant_moment(int N){
  double L=3.0,EI=2.0e6,M=800.0;
  Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Clamped,Support::Free);
  beam.set_end_moment(M,false);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double exact=M*L*L/(2.0*EI);
  return std::fabs(w.back()-exact)/exact;
}
void report(const char*name, double(*f)(int)){
  double e1=f(40),e2=f(80),e3=f(160);
  printf("%-22s N=40:%.3e N=80:%.3e N=160:%.3e  rate80=%.2f rate160=%.2f\n",
    name,e1,e2,e3, std::log(e1/e2)/std::log(2.0), std::log(e2/e3)/std::log(2.0));
}
int main(){
  report("cantilever_tip",err_cantilever);
  report("ss_udl",err_ss_udl);
  report("clamped_clamped_udl",err_cc_udl);
  report("cantilever_moment",err_cant_moment);
}
EOF
g++ -std=c++17 -I/opt/beamfd/include /tmp/verify.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/beam.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/linalg.cpp -o /tmp/verify && /tmp/verify
output
cantilever_tip         N=40:6.250e-04 N=80:1.562e-04 N=160:3.901e-05  rate80=2.00 rate160=2.00
ss_udl                 N=40:5.500e-03 N=80:1.375e-03 N=160:3.438e-04  rate80=2.00 rate160=2.00
clamped_clamped_udl    N=40:9.625e-03 N=80:2.453e-03 N=160:6.191e-04  rate80=1.97 rate160=1.99
cantilever_moment      N=40:2.010e-10 N=80:2.742e-09 N=160:4.347e-08  rate80=-3.77 rate160=-3.99

[stdout]
cantilever_tip         N=40:6.250e-04 N=80:1.562e-04 N=160:3.901e-05  rate80=2.00 rate160=2.00
ss_udl                 N=40:5.500e-03 N=80:1.375e-03 N=160:3.438e-04  rate80=2.00 rate160=2.00
clamped_clamped_udl    N=40:9.625e-03 N=80:2.453e-03 N=160:6.191e-04  rate80=1.97 rate160=1.99
cantilever_moment      N=40:2.010e-10 N=80:2.742e-09 N=160:4.347e-08  rate80=-3.77 rate160=-3.99
Three cases show clean 2nd-order convergence; the cantilever-moment case is essentially exact (quadratic solution, reproduced to round-off). Now let me verify **variable EI + foundation** with a manufactured solution.
shell
cat > /tmp/verify2.cpp <<'EOF'
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
using namespace beamfd;

// Manufactured: w=x^2(L-x)^2 (clamped-clamped exact BC), EI=a+b x, k=c.
// q = (EI w'')'' + k w = (24a-24bL+72b x) + c*(L^2 x^2 -2L x^3 + x^4)
double L=4.0,a=1000.0,b=150.0,c=40.0;
double wex(double x){return x*x*(L-x)*(L-x);}
double qf(double x){return (24*a-24*b*L+72*b*x)+c*(L*L*x*x-2*L*x*x*x+x*x*x*x);}

double run(int N){
  Beam beam(L,a,N,Support::Clamped,Support::Clamped);
  std::vector<double> ei(N+1),k(N+1),q(N+1);
  for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);ei[i]=a+b*x;k[i]=c;q[i]=qf(x);}
  beam.set_ei_nodal(ei);beam.set_foundation_nodal(k);beam.set_q_nodal(q);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double mx=0,den=0;
  for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){mx=std::max(mx,std::fabs(w[i]-wex(beam.node_x(i))));den=std::max(den,std::fabs(wex(beam.node_x(i))));}
  return mx/den;
}
// variable EI cantilever-free with tip shear, foundation present -> just convergence (self-consistency)
int main(){
  double e1=run(40),e2=run(80),e3=run(160);
  printf("varEI+found clamped-clamped  N=40:%.3e N=80:%.3e N=160:%.3e rate=%.2f,%.2f\n",
    e1,e2,e3,std::log(e1/e2)/std::log(2.0),std::log(e2/e3)/std::log(2.0));

  // pinned-free with foundation (mechanism without foundation): self-consistent residual check via manufactured
  // w=sin(pi x/L): pinned-pinned exact (w=0,w''=0 at ends). EI const, k const.
  // q=EI w'''' + k w = (EI (pi/L)^4 + k) sin. 
  double EI=2000.0,kk=300.0;
  auto runp=[&](int N){
    Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Pinned,Support::Pinned);
    std::vector<double> kv(N+1,kk),q(N+1);
    double w0=M_PI/L;
    for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);q[i]=(EI*pow(w0,4)+kk)*sin(w0*x);}
    beam.set_foundation_nodal(kv);beam.set_q_nodal(q);
    auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
    double mx=0,den=0;for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);mx=std::max(mx,std::fabs(w[i]-sin(w0*x)));den=std::max(den,std::fabs(sin(w0*x)));}
    return mx/den;
  };
  double p1=runp(40),p2=runp(80),p3=runp(160);
  printf("pinned-pinned+found sin      N=40:%.3e N=80:%.3e N=160:%.3e rate=%.2f,%.2f\n",
    p1,p2,p3,std::log(p1/p2)/std::log(2.0),std::log(p2/p3)/std::log(2.0));
  return 0;
}
EOF
g++ -std=c++17 -I/opt/beamfd/include /tmp/verify2.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/beam.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/linalg.cpp -o /tmp/verify2 && /tmp/verify2
output
varEI+found clamped-clamped  N=40:9.456e-03 N=80:2.410e-03 N=160:6.082e-04 rate=1.97,1.99
pinned-pinned+found sin      N=40:3.148e-04 N=80:1.315e-04 N=160:3.947e-05 rate=1.26,1.74

[stdout]
varEI+found clamped-clamped  N=40:9.456e-03 N=80:2.410e-03 N=160:6.082e-04 rate=1.97,1.99
pinned-pinned+found sin      N=40:3.148e-04 N=80:1.315e-04 N=160:3.947e-05 rate=1.26,1.74
The variable-EI+foundation case is cleanly 2nd order. The pinned+foundation sin case trends upward (1.26→1.74). Let me confirm it reaches 2nd order asymptotically.
shell
cat > /tmp/v3.cpp <<'EOF'
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
using namespace beamfd;
double L=4.0,EI=2000.0,kk=300.0;
double runp(int N){
  Beam beam(L,EI,N,Support::Pinned,Support::Pinned);
  std::vector<double> kv(N+1,kk),q(N+1);
  double w0=M_PI/L;
  for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);q[i]=(EI*pow(w0,4)+kk)*sin(w0*x);}
  beam.set_foundation_nodal(kv);beam.set_q_nodal(q);
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double mx=0,den=0;for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);mx=std::max(mx,std::fabs(w[i]-sin(w0*x)));den=std::max(den,std::fabs(sin(w0*x)));}
  return mx/den;
}
int main(){
  int Ns[]={80,160,320,640};
  double prev=0;
  for(int j=0;j<4;j++){double e=runp(Ns[j]);
    printf("N=%4d err=%.4e %s\n",Ns[j],e, j? "" : "");
    if(j)printf("   rate=%.3f\n",std::log(prev/e)/std::log(2.0));
    prev=e;}
}
EOF
g++ -std=c++17 -I/opt/beamfd/include /tmp/v3.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/beam.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/linalg.cpp -o /tmp/v3 && /tmp/v3
output
N=  80 err=1.3146e-04 
N= 160 err=3.9470e-05 
   rate=1.736
N= 320 err=1.0635e-05 
   rate=1.892
N= 640 err=1.9240e-06 
   rate=2.467

[stdout]
N=  80 err=1.3146e-04 
N= 160 err=3.9470e-05 
   rate=1.736
N= 320 err=1.0635e-05 
   rate=1.892
N= 640 err=1.9240e-06 
   rate=2.467
Rate converges to 2 (the L∞ error is boundary-dominated but solidly 2nd order). Now a final check: **clamped-free with variable EI and free-end actions** (manufactured), exercising the natural BCs.
shell
cat > /tmp/v4.cpp <<'EOF'
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include "beamfd/beam.hpp"
#include "beamfd/solver.hpp"
using namespace beamfd;
// w=x^3-3L x^2 (clamped at left). EI=a+bx, k=c. 
// q=12b + c*(x^3-3L x^2). Right free: M(L)=0, V(L)=6a+6bL.
double L=3.0,a=4000.0,b=500.0,c=20.0;
double wex(double x){return x*x*x-3*L*x*x;}
double qf(double x){return 12*b + c*(x*x*x-3*L*x*x);}
double run(int N){
  Beam beam(L,a,N,Support::Clamped,Support::Free);
  std::vector<double> ei(N+1),k(N+1),q(N+1);
  for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);ei[i]=a+b*x;k[i]=c;q[i]=qf(x);}
  beam.set_ei_nodal(ei);beam.set_foundation_nodal(k);beam.set_q_nodal(q);
  beam.set_end_moment(0.0,false);
  beam.set_end_load(-(6*a+6*b*L),false); // applied_end_shear=-P=6a+6bL
  auto w=BeamSolver(beam).solve().deflection;
  double mx=0,den=0;for(int i=0;i<=N;i++){double x=beam.node_x(i);mx=std::max(mx,std::fabs(w[i]-wex(x)));den=std::max(den,std::fabs(wex(x)));}
  return mx/den;
}
int main(){double e1=run(40),e2=run(80),e3=run(160);
  printf("clamped-free varEI+found+endV  N=40:%.3e N=80:%.3e N=160:%.3e rate=%.2f,%.2f\n",
    e1,e2,e3,std::log(e1/e2)/std::log(2.0),std::log(e2/e3)/std::log(2.0));}
EOF
g++ -std=c++17 -I/opt/beamfd/include /tmp/v4.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/beam.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp /opt/beamfd/src/linalg.cpp -o /tmp/v4 && /tmp/v4
echo "--- CLI demo on shipped example ---"
/opt/beamfd/build/beamfd_cli /opt/beamfd/examples/cantilever_tip.beam 2>/dev/null | head -5
echo "(exact tip PL^3/3EI = "$(python3 -c "print(1000*27/(3*2e6))")")"
output
clamped-free varEI+found+endV  N=40:6.067e-04 N=80:1.514e-04 N=160:3.781e-05 rate=2.00,2.00
--- CLI demo on shipped example ---
# beam analysis report
length=3.000000e+00 EI(max)=2.000000e+06 nodes=201 dx=1.500000e-02

[fields] (i, x, w[m], M=EI*w''[N*m], V=(EI*w'')'[N])
0 0.000000e+00 6.876758e-12 3.000000e+03 -9.999999e+02
(exact tip PL^3/3EI = 0.0045)

[stdout]
clamped-free varEI+found+endV  N=40:6.067e-04 N=80:1.514e-04 N=160:3.781e-05 rate=2.00,2.00
--- CLI demo on shipped example ---
# beam analysis report
length=3.000000e+00 EI(max)=2.000000e+06 nodes=201 dx=1.500000e-02

[fields] (i, x, w[m], M=EI*w''[N*m], V=(EI*w'')'[N])
0 0.000000e+00 6.876758e-12 3.000000e+03 -9.999999e+02
(exact tip PL^3/3EI = 0.0045)
All cases converge at second order, and the CLI demo confirms the cantilever reaction moment `M(0)=PL=3000 N·m` and base shear `V(0)=-P=-1000 N` exactly. Let me clean up.
shell
rm -f /tmp/verify*.cpp /tmp/verify /tmp/verify2 /tmp/v3.cpp /tmp/v3 /tmp/v4.cpp /tmp/v4
output
(Bash completed with no output)
The implementation is complete. Here's a summary of what I did. ## Summary I implemented the two stubbed functions in `/opt/beamfd/src/solver.cpp` , `assemble_system()` and `solve()` , leaving the headers, recovery helpers, and support layer untouched. ### Discretization (second-order, conservative form) The governing equation is `d²/dx²(EI(x)·w'') + k(x)·w = q(x)`, which for variable `EI` is **not** `EI·w''''`. I discretized it via a **nested-difference** scheme using a discrete nodal moment `m_i ≈ EI(x_i)·w''(x_i)`: - **Interior moment** (`m_i`, nodes `1..N-1`): central second difference `EI_i(w_{i-1}-2w_i+w_{i+1})/dx²`. - **Boundary moment** (`m_0`, `m_N`): second-order one-sided second difference `(2,-5,4,-1)/dx²` , the *same* stencils the existing recovery helpers use, so recovered `M`/`V` at free ends match imposed values exactly. - **Interior equilibrium** (rows `i=2..N-2`): `(m_{i-1}-2m_i+m_{i+1})/dx² + k_i w_i = q_i`. For constant `EI` this collapses to the classic 5-point `EI·w''''` biharmonic stencil. Each `m_i` is expanded into its `w`-coefficients so `A` acts directly on the nodal deflection vector. ### Boundary conditions (rows 0,1 left; N-1,N right), all 2nd order - **Clamped**: `w=0`; `w'=0` (one-sided first difference). - **Pinned**: `w=0`; `w''=0` (one-sided second difference). - **Free**: `EI w'' = M_applied` (from `end_moment`); `(EI w'')' = V_applied` (from `applied_end_shear`, via one-sided first difference of the moment field). `solve()` calls `validate()` first, assembles, and calls `solve_general` , letting mechanism and singular-system exceptions propagate per the contract. ### Verification The shipped smoke test passes. Against manufactured solutions I confirmed clean **2nd-order convergence** across: cantilever tip-load, simply-supported UDL, clamped-clamped UDL, cantilever end-moment (exact), variable-EI + foundation (clamped-clamped), pinned-pinned + foundation, and clamped-free with variable EI + foundation + applied end shear. The CLI demo reproduces the textbook cantilever reactions `M(0)=PL` and `V(0)=-P` exactly.
Final diff , what the agent changed

No file changes, the agent left the workspace untouched.

Verifier output , the proof behind the reward
tests/test.sh
== Configuring (cmake) ==
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 11.4.0
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/bin/c++ - skipped
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Configuring done
-- Generating done
-- Build files have been written to: /tmp/tmp.9igtfdK7TG/beamfd/build_grade
== Building ==
[  6%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/linalg.cpp.o
[ 13%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/beam.cpp.o
[ 20%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/solver.cpp.o
[ 26%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd.dir/src/io.cpp.o
[ 33%] Linking CXX static library libbeamfd.a
[ 33%] Built target beamfd
[ 40%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/beamfd_cli.dir/src/main.cpp.o
[ 46%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_invariants.dir/test_invariants.cpp.o
[ 53%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_convergence.dir/test_convergence.cpp.o
[ 60%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_mms.dir/test_mms.cpp.o
[ 66%] Building CXX object tests/CMakeFiles/test_soak.dir/test_soak.cpp.o
[ 73%] Linking CXX executable beamfd_cli
[ 73%] Built target beamfd_cli
[ 80%] Linking CXX executable test_convergence
[ 86%] Linking CXX executable test_soak
[ 93%] Linking CXX executable test_invariants
[ 93%] Built target test_convergence
[ 93%] Built target test_soak
[100%] Linking CXX executable test_mms
[100%] Built target test_invariants
[100%] Built target test_mms
== Running hidden test suite (ctest) ==
Test project /tmp/tmp.9igtfdK7TG/beamfd/build_grade
    Start 1: test_mms
1/4 Test #1: test_mms .........................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 2: test_convergence
2/4 Test #2: test_convergence .................   Passed    0.00 sec
    Start 3: test_invariants
3/4 Test #3: test_invariants ..................***Failed    0.00 sec
[ PASS ] invariant_equilibrium_residual
[ FAIL ] invariant_symmetry: symmetry at node 0
[ PASS ] invariant_mechanism_rejection
[ PASS ] invariant_input_validation
----
3/4 tests passed

    Start 4: test_soak
4/4 Test #4: test_soak ........................***Failed    0.00 sec
[ FAIL ] soak_random_manufactured_configs: config 1 (family 1, N 160) rel error 0.031437
----
0/1 tests passed


50% tests passed, 2 tests failed out of 4

Label Time Summary:
hidden    =   0.02 sec*proc (4 tests)

Total Test time (real) =   0.02 sec

The following tests FAILED:
	  3 - test_invariants (Failed)
	  4 - test_soak (Failed)


Errors while running CTest
FAIL: one or more hidden tests failed

Reproduce this trial: git checkout 2f94510 && PYTHONPATH=src python3 scripts/build_site.py , then open trial/trial_9ea070ba6efe465c. Re-running the agent live requires EVAL_PLATFORM_ENABLE_OAUTH_SMOKE=1 and is non-deterministic.

Trial trial_9ea070ba6efe465c · verifier authoritative; classifier explanatory.