SyncValsverifier → artifact → classifier → verdict
SyncVals · Trajectory

sfn-secrets-rotation-chain

claude-code claude-opus-4-7 ✗ failed GOOD_FAILURE ↑ View task
Solved from the instruction alone, tests/ and solution/ were withheld from the agent's workspace and restored only for grading.
Reward = tests/test.sh exit code (0 → resolved); the classification below is post-hoc and cannot change it.
Classification , post-hoc; cannot change the reward
GOOD_FAILUREHonest miss, the agent ran correctly but couldn't solve it. Expected for a hard task; the task is sound.
SubtypeIncomplete Implementation
EvidenceTest output shows 4 of 15 tests failing, all permission-related: test_kms_key_policy_grants_rotator_role (KMS policy missing rotator role access), test_rotator_lambda_allows_secretsmanager_invoke (Lambda missing resource policy), test_parent_role_grants_sync2_managed_rule_perms (parent role missing events:PutRule/PutTargets/DescribeRule), test_child_role_can_rotate_and_publish (child role missing secretsmanager:RotateSecret). The end-to-end test PASSED, showing core infrastructure is correct. Agent successfully created lambdas, state machines, event bus, KMS key, but failed to attach required IAM policies as explicitly described in instruction lines 18-40.
Root causeAgent implemented most of the secrets rotation pipeline and got the end-to-end flow working, but failed to fully implement all IAM permission requirements that were explicitly documented in the instruction, particularly the .sync:2 EventBridge managed rule permissions and KMS key policy grants.
RecommendationN/A - task is fine. The instruction is explicit about all required permissions (lines 18-40). Agent needed to apply: KMS key policy statement to grant rotator role kms:Decrypt and kms:GenerateDataKey; Lambda resource-based policy for secretsmanager.amazonaws.com invocation; parent role perms for events:PutRule/PutTargets/DescribeRule; child role perm for secretsmanager:RotateSecret. All requirements are clearly stated in the instruction.
Trajectory
Tool-by-tool agent trajectory
23 tool calls · 4 tool types · 31 steps
ok so we need a secrets rotation pipeline on localstack and right now the box is empty. localstack is at `http://localstack:4566`, creds are already exported (`AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=test`, same for secret, region `us-east-1`), you've got `aws`, `python3`, `boto3`, `jq`, `zip`, `curl`. build the whole thing. the app reads its db password from secrets manager. we need it rotatable on demand via step functions, and every successful rotation has to notify a downstream lambda. no humans in the loop. shape of it: - a parent state machine is the only entry point. it doesn't do the actual work , it hands off to a child SM and waits for it to finish. - the child SM does two things: kicks off rotation, then puts a `RotationComplete` event onto a custom eventbridge bus. - a rule on that bus routes to a notification lambda. the notification lambda isn't invoked directly by the child , it rides the bus. - the secret is encrypted with a customer-managed KMS key. not the aws-managed one, please. done looks like this: one `start-execution` on the parent (no input), and within 90s: - parent hits `SUCCEEDED` - `AWSCURRENT` on the secret moves to a new version, the string actually changes, old one gets `AWSPREVIOUS` - the notification lambda writes a log line that starts with `notified:` also: least privilege. the verifier reads policy docs directly, not just "does it work end-to-end". don't wildcard your way out. names the verifier grabs by hand, use them exactly: | thing | name | |-|-| | secret | `app/db/password` | | kms alias | `alias/app-rotation-key` | | rotator lambda | `secrets-rotator` | | rotator lambda role | `secrets-rotator-role` | | notification lambda | `notification-lambda` | | parent SM | `rotation-orchestrator` | | parent SM role | `rotation-orchestrator-role` | | child SM | `rotation-child` | | child SM role | `rotation-child-role` | | eventbridge bus | `rotation-events` | | eventbridge rule | `on-rotation-success` | rule pattern: `source` = `rotation.pipeline`, `detail-type` = `RotationComplete`. python3.11 for both lambdas. they run on the shared compose network so `http://localstack:4566` is reachable from inside them. localstack community 4.13.1. pick any password generator you like , just make sure two consecutive rotations produce different strings. one heads-up on the parent → child handoff: Step Functions implements `StartExecution.sync:2` by creating an EventBridge managed rule behind the scenes to notify the parent when the child finishes. That means the parent SM's execution role needs `events:PutRule`, `events:PutTargets`, `events:DescribeRule` in addition to the usual `states:StartExecution` / `states:DescribeExecution` / `states:StopExecution` on the child. Without those events perms the parent will fail with "not authorized to create managed-rule".

Check localstack health

shell
curl -s http://localstack:4566/_localstack/health | head -c 2000
output
{"services": {"acm": "disabled", "apigateway": "disabled", "cloudformation": "disabled", "cloudwatch": "disabled", "config": "disabled", "dynamodb": "disabled", "dynamodbstreams": "disabled", "ec2": "disabled", "es": "disabled", "events": "available", "firehose": "disabled", "iam": "available", "kinesis": "disabled", "kms": "available", "lambda": "available", "logs": "available", "opensearch": "disabled", "redshift": "disabled", "resource-groups": "disabled", "resourcegroupstaggingapi": "disabled", "route53": "disabled", "route53resolver": "disabled", "s3": "available", "s3control": "disabled", "scheduler": "disabled", "secretsmanager": "available", "ses": "disabled", "sns": "disabled", "sqs": "disabled", "ssm": "disabled", "stepfunctions": "available", "sts": "available", "support": "disabled", "swf": "disabled", "transcribe": "disabled"}, "edition": "community", "version": "4.13.1"}

[stdout]
{"services": {"acm": "disabled", "apigateway": "disabled", "cloudformation": "disabled", "cloudwatch": "disabled", "config": "disabled", "dynamodb": "disabled", "dynamodbstreams": "disabled", "ec2": "disabled", "es": "disabled", "events": "available", "firehose": "disabled", "iam": "available", "kinesis": "disabled", "kms": "available", "lambda": "available", "logs": "available", "opensearch": "disabled", "redshift": "disabled", "resource-groups": "disabled", "resourcegroupstaggingapi": "disabled", "route53": "disabled", "route53resolver": "disabled", "s3": "available", "s3control": "disabled", "scheduler": "disabled", "secretsmanager": "available", "ses": "disabled", "sns": "disabled", "sqs": "disabled", "ssm": "disabled", "stepfunctions": "available", "sts": "available", "support": "disabled", "swf": "disabled", "transcribe": "disabled"}, "edition": "community", "version": "4.13.1"}

Check workdir and tools

shell
ls -la /app && echo "---" && aws --version && python3 --version && which jq zip
output
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 21 20:05 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 22 06:14 ..
---
aws-cli/2.34.33 Python/3.14.4 Linux/6.10.14-linuxkit exe/aarch64.ubuntu.24
Python 3.12.3
/usr/bin/jq
/usr/bin/zip

[stdout]
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 21 20:05 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Apr 22 06:14 ..
---
aws-cli/2.34.33 Python/3.14.4 Linux/6.10.14-linuxkit exe/aarch64.ubuntu.24
Python 3.12.3
/usr/bin/jq
/usr/bin/zip
I'll build the whole pipeline. Let me verify everything is empty, then lay out files and a setup script.

Confirm the box is empty

shell
AWS="aws --endpoint-url=http://localstack:4566 --region us-east-1" && $AWS secretsmanager list-secrets --query 'SecretList[].Name' && $AWS stepfunctions list-state-machines --query 'stateMachines[].name' && $AWS lambda list-functions --query 'Functions[].FunctionName' && $AWS events list-event-buses --query 'EventBuses[].Name' && $AWS kms list-aliases --query 'Aliases[?starts_with(AliasName, `alias/app`)].AliasName'
output
[]
[]
[]
[
    "default"
]
[]

[stdout]
[]
[]
[]
[
    "default"
]
[]
Box confirmed empty. Building now.

Create directory structure

shell
mkdir -p /app/lambdas/rotator /app/lambdas/notification /app/iam /app/sm
output
(Bash completed with no output)
write · /app/lambdas/rotator/lambda_function.py
import os
import secrets
import string
import boto3

ENDPOINT = os.environ.get("AWS_ENDPOINT_URL", "http://localstack:4566")
REGION = os.environ.get("AWS_REGION", "us-east-1")
SECRET_ID = "app/db/password"

_client = boto3.client("secretsmanager", endpoint_url=ENDPOINT, region_name=REGION)


def _generate_password(length: int = 32) -> str:
    alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "-_"
    return "".join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for _ in range(length))


def handler(event, context):
    new_password = _generate_password()
    resp = _client.put_secret_value(SecretId=SECRET_ID, SecretString=new_password)
    return {"VersionId": resp.get("VersionId", ""), "Name": resp.get("Name", SECRET_ID)}
write · /app/lambdas/notification/lambda_function.py
import json


def handler(event, context):
    print("notified: " + json.dumps(event, default=str))
    return {"ok": True}
write · /app/iam/lambda-trust.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": { "Service": "lambda.amazonaws.com" },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
write · /app/iam/states-trust.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": { "Service": "states.amazonaws.com" },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
ToolSearch
{
  "query": "select:TodoWrite",
  "max_results": 1
}

, output, 
{"type": "tool_reference", "tool_name": "TodoWrite"}
  • Create KMS CMK + alias/app-rotation-key
  • Create secret app/db/password encrypted with CMK
  • Create rotator lambda + least-priv role
  • Create notification lambda + role
  • Create EventBridge bus + rule + target wiring
  • Create child SM + least-priv role
  • Create parent SM + role with managed-rule perms
  • Run end-to-end: start parent, verify rotation + notification
  • Create KMS CMK + alias/app-rotation-key
  • Create secret app/db/password encrypted with CMK
  • Create rotator lambda + least-priv role
  • Create notification lambda + role
  • Create EventBridge bus + rule + target wiring
  • Create child SM + least-priv role
  • Create parent SM + role with managed-rule perms
  • Run end-to-end: start parent, verify rotation + notification
Now the setup script. I'll lay out IAM policy docs as templates so the verifier can read them directly, then a single setup script that wires everything.
write · /app/iam/secrets-rotator-policy.tmpl.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "RotateSecret",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "secretsmanager:GetSecretValue",
        "secretsmanager:PutSecretValue",
        "secretsmanager:UpdateSecretVersionStage",
        "secretsmanager:DescribeSecret"
      ],
      "Resource": "__SECRET_ARN__"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "UseCustomerKmsKey",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "kms:Decrypt",
        "kms:GenerateDataKey"
      ],
      "Resource": "__KMS_KEY_ARN__"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "Logs",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "logs:CreateLogGroup",
        "logs:CreateLogStream",
        "logs:PutLogEvents"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:logs:us-east-1:000000000000:log-group:/aws/lambda/secrets-rotator:*"
    }
  ]
}
write · /app/iam/notification-lambda-policy.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "Logs",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "logs:CreateLogGroup",
        "logs:CreateLogStream",
        "logs:PutLogEvents"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:logs:us-east-1:000000000000:log-group:/aws/lambda/notification-lambda:*"
    }
  ]
}
write · /app/iam/rotation-child-policy.tmpl.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "InvokeRotatorLambda",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "lambda:InvokeFunction",
      "Resource": "__ROTATOR_ARN__"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "PutRotationEvents",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "events:PutEvents",
      "Resource": "__BUS_ARN__"
    }
  ]
}
write · /app/iam/rotation-orchestrator-policy.tmpl.json
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "StartChildExecution",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": "states:StartExecution",
      "Resource": "__CHILD_SM_ARN__"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "ObserveChildExecutions",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "states:DescribeExecution",
        "states:StopExecution"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:execution:rotation-child:*"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "ManageSyncCallbackRule",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "events:PutRule",
        "events:PutTargets",
        "events:DescribeRule"
      ],
      "Resource": "arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:rule/StepFunctionsGetEventsForStepFunctionsExecutionRule"
    }
  ]
}
write · /app/sm/child.tmpl.json
{
  "Comment": "Rotates the app secret, then emits RotationComplete to the custom bus",
  "StartAt": "Rotate",
  "States": {
    "Rotate": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::lambda:invoke",
      "Parameters": {
        "FunctionName": "__ROTATOR_ARN__",
        "Payload": {}
      },
      "ResultPath": "$.rotate",
      "Next": "Notify"
    },
    "Notify": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::events:putEvents",
      "Parameters": {
        "Entries": [
          {
            "Source": "rotation.pipeline",
            "DetailType": "RotationComplete",
            "EventBusName": "rotation-events",
            "Detail": {
              "status": "ok",
              "secretId": "app/db/password"
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      "End": true
    }
  }
}
write · /app/sm/parent.tmpl.json
{
  "Comment": "Entry-point orchestrator. Hands off to rotation-child via sync:2.",
  "StartAt": "InvokeChild",
  "States": {
    "InvokeChild": {
      "Type": "Task",
      "Resource": "arn:aws:states:::states:startExecution.sync:2",
      "Parameters": {
        "StateMachineArn": "__CHILD_SM_ARN__"
      },
      "End": true
    }
  }
}
write · /app/iam/rule-bus-pattern.json
{
  "source": ["rotation.pipeline"],
  "detail-type": ["RotationComplete"]
}
Now the setup script.
write · /app/setup.sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

ENDPOINT="${ENDPOINT:-http://localstack:4566}"
REGION="${AWS_REGION:-us-east-1}"
ACCOUNT="000000000000"
AWSC="aws --endpoint-url=$ENDPOINT --region $REGION"

ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"

say() { printf '\n\033[1;36m== %s ==\033[0m\n' "$*"; }

say "KMS customer-managed key + alias"
KEY_ID=$($AWSC kms create-key \
    --description "CMK for app secret rotation pipeline" \
    --key-usage ENCRYPT_DECRYPT \
    --key-spec SYMMETRIC_DEFAULT \
    --query KeyMetadata.KeyId --output text)
KEY_ARN="arn:aws:kms:${REGION}:${ACCOUNT}:key/${KEY_ID}"
$AWSC kms create-alias --alias-name alias/app-rotation-key --target-key-id "$KEY_ID"
echo "KeyId=$KEY_ID"
echo "KeyArn=$KEY_ARN"

say "Secret encrypted with CMK"
$AWSC secretsmanager create-secret \
    --name app/db/password \
    --kms-key-id alias/app-rotation-key \
    --secret-string "initial-placeholder-$(date +%s%N)" \
    >/dev/null
SECRET_ARN=$($AWSC secretsmanager describe-secret --secret-id app/db/password --query ARN --output text)
echo "SecretArn=$SECRET_ARN"

say "Rotator lambda role + least-privilege policy"
$AWSC iam create-role \
    --role-name secrets-rotator-role \
    --assume-role-policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/lambda-trust.json" >/dev/null
sed -e "s|__SECRET_ARN__|$SECRET_ARN|" -e "s|__KMS_KEY_ARN__|$KEY_ARN|" \
    "$ROOT/iam/secrets-rotator-policy.tmpl.json" > "$ROOT/iam/secrets-rotator-policy.json"
$AWSC iam put-role-policy \
    --role-name secrets-rotator-role \
    --policy-name secrets-rotator-inline \
    --policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/secrets-rotator-policy.json"
ROTATOR_ROLE_ARN="arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT}:role/secrets-rotator-role"

say "Notification lambda role"
$AWSC iam create-role \
    --role-name notification-lambda-role \
    --assume-role-policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/lambda-trust.json" >/dev/null
$AWSC iam put-role-policy \
    --role-name notification-lambda-role \
    --policy-name notification-lambda-inline \
    --policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/notification-lambda-policy.json"
NOTIF_ROLE_ARN="arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT}:role/notification-lambda-role"

say "Package lambdas"
( cd "$ROOT/lambdas/rotator" && rm -f lambda.zip && zip -q lambda.zip lambda_function.py )
( cd "$ROOT/lambdas/notification" && rm -f lambda.zip && zip -q lambda.zip lambda_function.py )

say "Deploy rotator lambda"
$AWSC lambda create-function \
    --function-name secrets-rotator \
    --runtime python3.11 \
    --role "$ROTATOR_ROLE_ARN" \
    --handler lambda_function.handler \
    --zip-file "fileb://$ROOT/lambdas/rotator/lambda.zip" \
    --environment "Variables={AWS_ENDPOINT_URL=$ENDPOINT}" \
    --timeout 30 >/dev/null
$AWSC lambda wait function-active --function-name secrets-rotator
ROTATOR_ARN=$($AWSC lambda get-function --function-name secrets-rotator --query Configuration.FunctionArn --output text)
echo "RotatorArn=$ROTATOR_ARN"

say "Deploy notification lambda"
$AWSC lambda create-function \
    --function-name notification-lambda \
    --runtime python3.11 \
    --role "$NOTIF_ROLE_ARN" \
    --handler lambda_function.handler \
    --zip-file "fileb://$ROOT/lambdas/notification/lambda.zip" \
    --timeout 30 >/dev/null
$AWSC lambda wait function-active --function-name notification-lambda
NOTIF_ARN=$($AWSC lambda get-function --function-name notification-lambda --query Configuration.FunctionArn --output text)
echo "NotificationArn=$NOTIF_ARN"

say "EventBridge bus + rule + target"
$AWSC events create-event-bus --name rotation-events >/dev/null
BUS_ARN="arn:aws:events:${REGION}:${ACCOUNT}:event-bus/rotation-events"
echo "BusArn=$BUS_ARN"

$AWSC events put-rule \
    --name on-rotation-success \
    --event-bus-name rotation-events \
    --event-pattern "file://$ROOT/iam/rule-bus-pattern.json" \
    --state ENABLED >/dev/null
RULE_ARN=$($AWSC events describe-rule --name on-rotation-success --event-bus-name rotation-events --query Arn --output text)
echo "RuleArn=$RULE_ARN"

$AWSC events put-targets \
    --rule on-rotation-success \
    --event-bus-name rotation-events \
    --targets "Id=notif,Arn=$NOTIF_ARN" >/dev/null

$AWSC lambda add-permission \
    --function-name notification-lambda \
    --statement-id allow-eventbridge-rotation \
    --action lambda:InvokeFunction \
    --principal events.amazonaws.com \
    --source-arn "$RULE_ARN" >/dev/null

say "Child SM role + policy"
$AWSC iam create-role \
    --role-name rotation-child-role \
    --assume-role-policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/states-trust.json" >/dev/null
sed -e "s|__ROTATOR_ARN__|$ROTATOR_ARN|" -e "s|__BUS_ARN__|$BUS_ARN|" \
    "$ROOT/iam/rotation-child-policy.tmpl.json" > "$ROOT/iam/rotation-child-policy.json"
$AWSC iam put-role-policy \
    --role-name rotation-child-role \
    --policy-name rotation-child-inline \
    --policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/rotation-child-policy.json"
CHILD_ROLE_ARN="arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT}:role/rotation-child-role"

say "Create child SM (rotation-child)"
sed -e "s|__ROTATOR_ARN__|$ROTATOR_ARN|" "$ROOT/sm/child.tmpl.json" > "$ROOT/sm/child.json"
CHILD_SM_ARN=$($AWSC stepfunctions create-state-machine \
    --name rotation-child \
    --definition "file://$ROOT/sm/child.json" \
    --role-arn "$CHILD_ROLE_ARN" \
    --type STANDARD \
    --query stateMachineArn --output text)
echo "ChildSmArn=$CHILD_SM_ARN"

say "Parent SM role + policy"
$AWSC iam create-role \
    --role-name rotation-orchestrator-role \
    --assume-role-policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/states-trust.json" >/dev/null
sed -e "s|__CHILD_SM_ARN__|$CHILD_SM_ARN|" \
    "$ROOT/iam/rotation-orchestrator-policy.tmpl.json" > "$ROOT/iam/rotation-orchestrator-policy.json"
$AWSC iam put-role-policy \
    --role-name rotation-orchestrator-role \
    --policy-name rotation-orchestrator-inline \
    --policy-document "file://$ROOT/iam/rotation-orchestrator-policy.json"
PARENT_ROLE_ARN="arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT}:role/rotation-orchestrator-role"

say "Create parent SM (rotation-orchestrator)"
sed -e "s|__CHILD_SM_ARN__|$CHILD_SM_ARN|" "$ROOT/sm/parent.tmpl.json" > "$ROOT/sm/parent.json"
PARENT_SM_ARN=$($AWSC stepfunctions create-state-machine \
    --name rotation-orchestrator \
    --definition "file://$ROOT/sm/parent.json" \
    --role-arn "$PARENT_ROLE_ARN" \
    --type STANDARD \
    --query stateMachineArn --output text)
echo "ParentSmArn=$PARENT_SM_ARN"

say "Summary"
cat <<EOF
kms alias:            alias/app-rotation-key  (key: $KEY_ARN)
secret:               $SECRET_ARN
rotator lambda:       $ROTATOR_ARN
notification lambda:  $NOTIF_ARN
event bus:            $BUS_ARN
rule:                 $RULE_ARN
child SM:             $CHILD_SM_ARN
parent SM:            $PARENT_SM_ARN
EOF

Run the setup script

shell
chmod +x /app/setup.sh && /app/setup.sh
output
== KMS customer-managed key + alias ==
KeyId=f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6
KeyArn=arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:000000000000:key/f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6

== Secret encrypted with CMK ==
SecretArn=arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:000000000000:secret:app/db/password-kStXlH

== Rotator lambda role + least-privilege policy ==

== Notification lambda role ==

== Package lambdas ==

== Deploy rotator lambda ==
RotatorArn=arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:secrets-rotator

== Deploy notification lambda ==
NotificationArn=arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:notification-lambda

== EventBridge bus + rule + target ==
BusArn=arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:event-bus/rotation-events
RuleArn=arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:rule/rotation-events/on-rotation-success

== Child SM role + policy ==

== Create child SM (rotation-child) ==
ChildSmArn=arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-child

== Parent SM role + policy ==

== Create parent SM (rotation-orchestrator) ==
ParentSmArn=arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator

== Summary ==
kms alias:            alias/app-rotation-key  (key: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:000000000000:key/f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6)
secret:               arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:000000000000:secret:app/db/password-kStXlH
rotator lambda:       arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:secrets-rotator
notification lambda:  arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:notification-lambda
event bus:            arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:event-bus/rotation-events
rule:                 arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:rule/rotation-events/on-rotation-success
child SM:             arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-child
parent SM:            arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator

[stdout]
== KMS customer-managed key + alias ==
KeyId=f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6
KeyArn=arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:000000000000:key/f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6

== Secret encrypted with CMK ==
SecretArn=arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:000000000000:secret:app/db/password-kStXlH

== Rotator lambda role + least-privilege policy ==

== Notification lambda role ==

== Package lambdas ==

== Deploy rotator lambda ==
RotatorArn=arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:secrets-rotator

== Deploy notification lambda ==
NotificationArn=arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:notification-lambda

== EventBridge bus + rule + target ==
BusArn=arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:event-bus/rotation-events
RuleArn=arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:rule/rotation-events/on-rotation-success

== Child SM role + policy ==

== Create child SM (rotation-child) ==
ChildSmArn=arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-child

== Parent SM role + policy ==

== Create parent SM (rotation-orchestrator) ==
ParentSmArn=arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator

== Summary ==
kms alias:            alias/app-rotation-key  (key: arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:000000000000:key/f5165b9e-8ae8-48dc-90eb-da742d06c0e6)
secret:               arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:000000000000:secret:app/db/password-kStXlH
rotator lambda:       arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:secrets-rotator
notification lambda:  arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:000000000000:function:notification-lambda
event bus:            arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:event-bus/rotation-events
rule:                 arn:aws:events:us-east-1:000000000000:rule/rotation-events/on-rotation-success
child SM:             arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-child
parent SM:            arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator
Everything provisioned. Now the acceptance test: one start-execution on the parent, then verify within 90s.

End-to-end acceptance run

shell
set -euo pipefail
AWSC="aws --endpoint-url=http://localstack:4566 --region us-east-1"

echo "== BEFORE =="
BEFORE_CURRENT=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query SecretString --output text)
BEFORE_VERSION=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query VersionId --output text)
echo "AWSCURRENT value: $BEFORE_CURRENT"
echo "AWSCURRENT version: $BEFORE_VERSION"

echo "== START PARENT =="
START_TS=$(date +%s)
EXEC_ARN=$($AWSC stepfunctions start-execution \
    --state-machine-arn arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator \
    --query executionArn --output text)
echo "ExecArn=$EXEC_ARN"

echo "== POLL UNTIL TERMINAL (<=90s) =="
for i in $(seq 1 90); do
    STATUS=$($AWSC stepfunctions describe-execution --execution-arn "$EXEC_ARN" --query status --output text)
    if [ "$STATUS" != "RUNNING" ]; then
        break
    fi
    sleep 1
done
END_TS=$(date +%s)
ELAPSED=$((END_TS - START_TS))
echo "Final status: $STATUS after ${ELAPSED}s"

if [ "$STATUS" != "SUCCEEDED" ]; then
    echo "!! parent did not succeed"
    $AWSC stepfunctions describe-execution --execution-arn "$EXEC_ARN"
    exit 1
fi

echo "== AFTER =="
AFTER_CURRENT=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query SecretString --output text)
AFTER_VERSION=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query VersionId --output text)
echo "AWSCURRENT value: $AFTER_CURRENT"
echo "AWSCURRENT version: $AFTER_VERSION"
PREVIOUS=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --version-stage AWSPREVIOUS --query SecretString --output text)
echo "AWSPREVIOUS value: $PREVIOUS"

if [ "$BEFORE_CURRENT" = "$AFTER_CURRENT" ]; then echo "!! secret string did not change"; exit 1; fi
if [ "$BEFORE_CURRENT" != "$PREVIOUS" ]; then echo "!! old value is not AWSPREVIOUS"; exit 1; fi
echo "OK: rotation occurred and staging labels moved correctly"

echo "== NOTIFICATION LAMBDA LOGS =="
sleep 2
LOG_GROUP=/aws/lambda/notification-lambda
STREAMS=$($AWSC logs describe-log-streams --log-group-name $LOG_GROUP --order-by LastEventTime --descending --max-items 3 --query 'logStreams[].logStreamName' --output text || echo "")
echo "Streams: $STREAMS"
for s in $STREAMS; do
    $AWSC logs get-log-events --log-group-name $LOG_GROUP --log-stream-name "$s" --query 'events[].message' --output text
done | tee /tmp/notif-logs.txt
if grep -q '^notified:' /tmp/notif-logs.txt; then
    echo "OK: notification lambda logged 'notified:' line"
else
    echo "!! no 'notified:' line found"; exit 1
fi
output
Exit code 1
== BEFORE ==
AWSCURRENT value: initial-placeholder-1776838762433231295
AWSCURRENT version: 4b2b492e-63c1-4b47-ba04-d30240c20f9b
== START PARENT ==
ExecArn=arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:execution:rotation-orchestrator:bb78a15b-d811-4e67-a554-1ed6e7fcb021
== POLL UNTIL TERMINAL (<=90s) ==
Final status: SUCCEEDED after 4s
== AFTER ==
AWSCURRENT value: DcvCpn0bkKv55FLLiNdYq7hKXRiVhWuK
AWSCURRENT version: ee068dbe-6b4b-4adf-9a49-f6d1d6487802
AWSPREVIOUS value: initial-placeholder-1776838762433231295
OK: rotation occurred and staging labels moved correctly
== NOTIFICATION LAMBDA LOGS ==
Streams: 2026/04/22/[$LATEST]f050faabb7fb04459b0dfd8866d59ed2
START RequestId: 03049de6-2f97-4730-8ec8-05fc55dab52b Version: $LATEST
	notified: {"version": "0", "id": "19693df1-8591-468c-8755-5efefa4e1bf6", "detail-type": "RotationComplete", "source": "rotation.pipeline", "account": "000000000000", "time": "2026-04-22T06:19:55Z", "region": "us-east-1", "resources": ["arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-child", "arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:execution:rotation-child:5529fd07-4782-42c0-9100-2fde41c4f2be"], "detail": {"status": "ok", "secretId": "app/db/password"}}
	END RequestId: 03049de6-2f97-4730-8ec8-05fc55dab52b
	REPORT RequestId: 03049de6-2f97-4730-8ec8-05fc55dab52b	Duration: 11.85 ms	Billed Duration: 12 ms	Memory Size: 128 MB	Max Memory Used: 128 MB	

!! no 'notified:' line found

[error] tool reported failure
Everything worked , the "notified:" line is in the logs (my grep just missed the leading tab). Let me fix the check and also confirm two consecutive rotations produce different strings.

Fix notified grep and test two-rotation determinism

shell
set -euo pipefail
AWSC="aws --endpoint-url=http://localstack:4566 --region us-east-1"

# leading whitespace allowed
if grep -qE '^\s*notified:' /tmp/notif-logs.txt; then
    echo "OK: notification lambda logged 'notified:' line (tab-prefixed per Lambda log format)"
else
    echo "!! no notified line"; exit 1
fi

echo "== SECOND ROTATION (determinism check: two rotations produce different strings) =="
V1=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query SecretString --output text)
EXEC=$($AWSC stepfunctions start-execution --state-machine-arn arn:aws:states:us-east-1:000000000000:stateMachine:rotation-orchestrator --query executionArn --output text)
for i in $(seq 1 90); do
    S=$($AWSC stepfunctions describe-execution --execution-arn "$EXEC" --query status --output text)
    [ "$S" != "RUNNING" ] && break
    sleep 1
done
echo "status=$S"
V2=$($AWSC secretsmanager get-secret-value --secret-id app/db/password --query SecretString --output text)
echo "v1=$V1"
echo "v2=$V2"
if [ "$V1" = "$V2" ]; then echo "!! consecutive rotations produced same value"; exit 1; fi
echo "OK: consecutive rotations differ"
output
OK: notification lambda logged 'notified:' line (tab-prefixed per Lambda log format)
== SECOND ROTATION (determinism check: two rotations produce different strings) ==
status=SUCCEEDED
v1=DcvCpn0bkKv55FLLiNdYq7hKXRiVhWuK
v2=8_kOTOCAf32DyiV5ndq4BZdtxxLM8VEY
OK: consecutive rotations differ

[stdout]
OK: notification lambda logged 'notified:' line (tab-prefixed per Lambda log format)
== SECOND ROTATION (determinism check: two rotations produce different strings) ==
status=SUCCEEDED
v1=DcvCpn0bkKv55FLLiNdYq7hKXRiVhWuK
v2=8_kOTOCAf32DyiV5ndq4BZdtxxLM8VEY
OK: consecutive rotations differ
  • Create KMS CMK + alias/app-rotation-key
  • Create secret app/db/password encrypted with CMK
  • Create rotator lambda + least-priv role
  • Create notification lambda + role
  • Create EventBridge bus + rule + target wiring
  • Create child SM + least-priv role
  • Create parent SM + role with managed-rule perms
  • Run end-to-end: start parent, verify rotation + notification
Pipeline is live and passing the acceptance checks. **End-to-end run:** parent `rotation-orchestrator` reached `SUCCEEDED` in 4s off a single `start-execution` with no input. `AWSCURRENT` moved to a new version, secret string changed, old value restaged to `AWSPREVIOUS`, and `notification-lambda` emitted a `notified: …` log line carrying the `RotationComplete` envelope from the `rotation-events` bus via rule `on-rotation-success`. A second run produced a different password. **Layout (files the verifier can read directly):** - `/app/lambdas/rotator/lambda_function.py`, `/app/lambdas/notification/lambda_function.py` , python3.11 handlers - `/app/iam/*.json` , trust docs + rendered inline policy docs (templates + materialized copies) - `/app/sm/child.json`, `/app/sm/parent.json` , ASL definitions - `/app/setup.sh` , reproducible provisioner **Least-privilege policies (materialized, no `"*"` resources):** - `secrets-rotator-role`: `GetSecretValue`/`PutSecretValue`/`UpdateSecretVersionStage`/`DescribeSecret` on the secret ARN only; `kms:Decrypt`/`GenerateDataKey` on the CMK only; logs scoped to `/aws/lambda/secrets-rotator`. - `notification-lambda-role`: logs only, scoped to its own log group. - `rotation-child-role`: `lambda:InvokeFunction` on the rotator ARN, `events:PutEvents` on the `rotation-events` bus ARN. - `rotation-orchestrator-role`: `states:StartExecution` on the child SM ARN, `Describe`/`StopExecution` on `execution:rotation-child:*`, and `events:PutRule`/`PutTargets`/`DescribeRule` scoped to `rule/StepFunctionsGetEventsForStepFunctionsExecutionRule` (the managed-rule for `.sync:2`). Secret is encrypted with the CMK behind `alias/app-rotation-key`, not the AWS-managed key. Rotator uses `secrets.choice` over `[A-Za-z0-9-_]` for 32 chars , cryptographically distinct across runs.
Final diff , what the agent changed

No file changes, the agent left the workspace untouched.

Verifier output , the proof behind the reward
tests/test.sh
============================= test session starts ==============================
platform linux -- Python 3.12.3, pytest-8.4.1, pluggy-1.6.0 -- /root/.cache/uv/archive-v0/Eklpkw38n76eq7Qn9jL4r/bin/python
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /tests
plugins: json-ctrf-0.3.5
collecting ... collected 15 items

../tests/test_state.py::test_aws_cli_binary_is_real PASSED               [  6%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_localstack_reachable PASSED                 [ 13%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_secret_exists_and_uses_customer_cmk PASSED  [ 20%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_rotation_lambda_exists PASSED               [ 26%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_notification_lambda_exists PASSED           [ 33%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_parent_and_child_state_machines_exist PASSED [ 40%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_event_bus_and_rule_exist PASSED             [ 46%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_rule_target_points_at_notification_lambda PASSED [ 53%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_rotator_role_grants_kms_actions PASSED      [ 60%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_kms_key_policy_grants_rotator_role FAILED   [ 66%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_rotator_lambda_allows_secretsmanager_invoke FAILED [ 73%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_parent_role_grants_sync2_managed_rule_perms FAILED [ 80%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_child_role_can_rotate_and_publish FAILED    [ 86%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_notification_lambda_allows_eventbridge_invoke PASSED [ 93%]
../tests/test_state.py::test_end_to_end_parent_execution_rotates_and_notifies PASSED [100%]

=================================== FAILURES ===================================
___________________ test_kms_key_policy_grants_rotator_role ____________________

iam = <botocore.client.IAM object at 0xffff7d4cdf40>
kms = <botocore.client.KMS object at 0xffff7da18320>

    def test_kms_key_policy_grants_rotator_role(iam, kms):
        role_arn = iam.get_role(RoleName=ROTATOR_ROLE)["Role"]["Arn"]
        policy_str = kms.get_key_policy(KeyId=KEY_ALIAS, PolicyName="default")[
            "Policy"
        ]
        policy = json.loads(policy_str)
        match = False
        for st in policy.get("Statement", []):
            if st.get("Effect") != "Allow":
                continue
            principal = st.get("Principal") or {}
            if not isinstance(principal, dict):
                continue
            arns = set(_normalise_list(principal.get("AWS")))
            if role_arn not in arns:
                continue
            actions = set(_normalise_list(st.get("Action")))
            if _actions_cover(actions, REQUIRED_KMS_ACTIONS):
                match = True
                break
>       assert match, (
            f"KMS key policy on {KEY_ALIAS} has no Allow statement whose "
            f"Principal.AWS includes {role_arn} and whose Action covers "
            f"{sorted(REQUIRED_KMS_ACTIONS)}. Key policy: {policy_str}"
        )
E       AssertionError: KMS key policy on alias/app-rotation-key has no Allow statement whose Principal.AWS includes arn:aws:iam::000000000000:role/secrets-rotator-role and whose Action covers ['kms:Decrypt', 'kms:GenerateDataKey']. Key policy: {"Version": "2012-10-17", "Id": "key-default-1", "Statement": [{"Sid": "Enable IAM User Permissions", "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": {"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::000000000000:root"}, "Action": "kms:*", "Resource": "*"}]}
E       assert False

/tests/test_state.py:322: AssertionError
_______________ test_rotator_lambda_allows_secretsmanager_invoke _______________

lmb = <botocore.client.Lambda object at 0xffff7da1a090>

    def test_rotator_lambda_allows_secretsmanager_invoke(lmb):
        try:
            policy_doc = json.loads(
>               lmb.get_policy(FunctionName=ROTATOR_FUNCTION)["Policy"]
                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
            )

/tests/test_state.py:332: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
/root/.cache/uv/archive-v0/Eklpkw38n76eq7Qn9jL4r/lib/python3.12/site-packages/botocore/client.py:569: in _api_call
    return self._make_api_call(operation_name, kwargs)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <botocore.client.Lambda object at 0xffff7da1a090>
operation_name = 'GetPolicy', api_params = {'FunctionName': 'secrets-rotator'}

    def _make_api_call(self, operation_name, api_params):
        operation_model = self._service_model.operation_model(operation_name)
        service_name = self._service_model.service_name
        history_recorder.record(
            'API_CALL',
            {
                'service': service_name,
                'operation': operation_name,
                'params': api_params,
            },
        )
        if operation_model.deprecated:
            logger.debug(
                'Warning: %s.%s() is deprecated', service_name, operation_name
            )
        request_context = {
            'client_region': self.meta.region_name,
            'client_config': self.meta.config,
            'has_streaming_input': operation_model.has_streaming_input,
            'auth_type': operation_model.resolved_auth_type,
            'unsigned_payload': operation_model.unsigned_payload,
        }
    
        api_params = self._emit_api_params(
            api_params=api_params,
            operation_model=operation_model,
            context=request_context,
        )
        (
            endpoint_url,
            additional_headers,
            properties,
        ) = self._resolve_endpoint_ruleset(
            operation_model, api_params, request_context
        )
        if properties:
            # Pass arbitrary endpoint info with the Request
            # for use during construction.
            request_context['endpoint_properties'] = properties
        request_dict = self._convert_to_request_dict(
            api_params=api_params,
            operation_model=operation_model,
            endpoint_url=endpoint_url,
            context=request_context,
            headers=additional_headers,
        )
        resolve_checksum_context(request_dict, operation_model, api_params)
    
        service_id = self._service_model.service_id.hyphenize()
        handler, event_response = self.meta.events.emit_until_response(
            f'before-call.{service_id}.{operation_name}',
            model=operation_model,
            params=request_dict,
            request_signer=self._request_signer,
            context=request_context,
        )
    
        if event_response is not None:
            http, parsed_response = event_response
        else:
            maybe_compress_request(
                self.meta.config, request_dict, operation_model
            )
            apply_request_checksum(request_dict)
            http, parsed_response = self._make_request(
                operation_model, request_dict, request_context
            )
    
        self.meta.events.emit(
            f'after-call.{service_id}.{operation_name}',
            http_response=http,
            parsed=parsed_response,
            model=operation_model,
            context=request_context,
        )
    
        if http.status_code >= 300:
            error_info = parsed_response.get("Error", {})
            error_code = error_info.get("QueryErrorCode") or error_info.get(
                "Code"
            )
            error_class = self.exceptions.from_code(error_code)
>           raise error_class(parsed_response, operation_name)
E           botocore.errorfactory.ResourceNotFoundException: An error occurred (ResourceNotFoundException) when calling the GetPolicy operation: The resource you requested does not exist.

/root/.cache/uv/archive-v0/Eklpkw38n76eq7Qn9jL4r/lib/python3.12/site-packages/botocore/client.py:1023: ResourceNotFoundException

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

lmb = <botocore.client.Lambda object at 0xffff7da1a090>

    def test_rotator_lambda_allows_secretsmanager_invoke(lmb):
        try:
            policy_doc = json.loads(
                lmb.get_policy(FunctionName=ROTATOR_FUNCTION)["Policy"]
            )
        except ClientError as e:
>           pytest.fail(
                f"Lambda {ROTATOR_FUNCTION} has no resource-based policy , "
                f"secretsmanager.amazonaws.com cannot invoke it: {e}"
            )
E           Failed: Lambda secrets-rotator has no resource-based policy , secretsmanager.amazonaws.com cannot invoke it: An error occurred (ResourceNotFoundException) when calling the GetPolicy operation: The resource you requested does not exist.

/tests/test_state.py:335: Failed
_______________ test_parent_role_grants_sync2_managed_rule_perms _______________

iam = <botocore.client.IAM object at 0xffff7d4cdf40>

    def test_parent_role_grants_sync2_managed_rule_perms(iam):
        """The .sync:2 integration registers an EventBridge-managed callback
        rule. Parent role needs events:PutRule/PutTargets/DescribeRule plus
        full states:* on the child."""
        found_events = False
        found_states = False
        for _pname, st in _inline_statements(iam, PARENT_ROLE):
            actions = set(_normalise_list(st.get("Action")))
            if _actions_cover(actions, REQUIRED_PARENT_EVENTS_ACTIONS):
                found_events = True
            if _actions_cover(actions, REQUIRED_PARENT_STATES_ACTIONS):
                found_states = True
        assert found_events, (
            f"{PARENT_ROLE} missing events:PutRule/PutTargets/DescribeRule. "
            f".sync:2 uses an EventBridge-managed callback rule; without "
            f"these the parent cannot set up the callback."
        )
>       assert found_states, (
            f"{PARENT_ROLE} missing states:StartExecution/DescribeExecution/"
            f"StopExecution. .sync:2 requires all three on the child SM."
        )
E       AssertionError: rotation-orchestrator-role missing states:StartExecution/DescribeExecution/StopExecution. .sync:2 requires all three on the child SM.
E       assert False

/tests/test_state.py:377: AssertionError
____________________ test_child_role_can_rotate_and_publish ____________________

iam = <botocore.client.IAM object at 0xffff7d4cdf40>

    def test_child_role_can_rotate_and_publish(iam):
        found_rotate = False
        found_putevents = False
        for _pname, st in _inline_statements(iam, CHILD_ROLE):
            actions = set(_normalise_list(st.get("Action")))
            if _actions_cover(actions, {"secretsmanager:RotateSecret"}):
                found_rotate = True
            if _actions_cover(actions, {"events:PutEvents"}):
                found_putevents = True
>       assert found_rotate, (
            f"{CHILD_ROLE} lacks secretsmanager:RotateSecret , the child "
            f"state machine cannot trigger rotation."
        )
E       AssertionError: rotation-child-role lacks secretsmanager:RotateSecret , the child state machine cannot trigger rotation.
E       assert False

/tests/test_state.py:392: AssertionError
=============================== warnings summary ===============================
test_state.py: 33 warnings
  /root/.cache/uv/archive-v0/Eklpkw38n76eq7Qn9jL4r/lib/python3.12/site-packages/botocore/auth.py:424: DeprecationWarning: datetime.datetime.utcnow() is deprecated and scheduled for removal in a future version. Use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC: datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC).
    datetime_now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()

-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
==================================== PASSES ====================================
=========================== short test summary info ============================
PASSED ../tests/test_state.py::test_aws_cli_binary_is_real
PASSED ../tests/test_state.py::test_localstack_reachable
PASSED ../tests/test_state.py::test_secret_exists_and_uses_customer_cmk
PASSED ../tests/test_

… (truncated at 12,000 chars, full verifier log is in the trial artifacts)

Reproduce this trial: git checkout 2f94510 && PYTHONPATH=src python3 scripts/build_site.py , then open trial/trial_5190973914b24efd. Re-running the agent live requires EVAL_PLATFORM_ENABLE_OAUTH_SMOKE=1 and is non-deterministic.

Trial trial_5190973914b24efd · verifier authoritative; classifier explanatory.